IBPS PO – IBPS PO TEST - 16

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions. <br><br> Since world War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health­care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high­ technology "gadgeteering," and a breakdown in doctor­patient relationships. In recent years proposed <strong>panaceas</strong> and new programs, small and large, have <strong>proliferated</strong> at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased <strong>pessimism</strong>-"everything has been tried and nothing works"-which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism. It is true that the automatic "pass through" of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of "the richest nation in the world," produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could "do his own thing" without undue concern for the "Medical Commons." The practice of full­cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high­technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one­fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs. Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and <strong>frustration</strong>. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are <strong>reluctant</strong> to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a <strong>veritable</strong> flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self­restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.

The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines 47­48) differed from other plans by

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions. <br><br> Since world War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health­care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high­ technology "gadgeteering," and a breakdown in doctor­patient relationships. In recent years proposed <strong>panaceas</strong> and new programs, small and large, have <strong>proliferated</strong> at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased <strong>pessimism</strong>-"everything has been tried and nothing works"-which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism. It is true that the automatic "pass through" of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of "the richest nation in the world," produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could "do his own thing" without undue concern for the "Medical Commons." The practice of full­cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high­technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one­fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs. Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and <strong>frustration</strong>. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are <strong>reluctant</strong> to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a <strong>veritable</strong> flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self­restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.

The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full­cost reimbursement EXCEPT

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions. <br><br> Since world War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health­care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high­ technology "gadgeteering," and a breakdown in doctor­patient relationships. In recent years proposed <strong>panaceas</strong> and new programs, small and large, have <strong>proliferated</strong> at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased <strong>pessimism</strong>-"everything has been tried and nothing works"-which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism. It is true that the automatic "pass through" of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of "the richest nation in the world," produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could "do his own thing" without undue concern for the "Medical Commons." The practice of full­cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high­technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one­fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs. Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and <strong>frustration</strong>. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are <strong>reluctant</strong> to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a <strong>veritable</strong> flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self­restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.

The tone of the passage can best be described as