Bank English – Test 23

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Some words have been given in bold so that you can locate them easily while answering some questions.</br> For women, having a kid is seen as a bad career move and having one as a highly skilled earner is even worse. For each child she has, a woman suffers a 'motherhood penalty' of 4% of income. According to new research, published in the American Sociological Review, for high-skilled, high-paid workers that penalty climbs to 10% per child. High-flying women who take off two years to raise their kids miss out on projects, raises and career opportunities that have a big financial impact down the line.Any amount they do drop out or go down to part-time is going to be more costly for them, said Paula England, lead researcher on the study. A Pew analysis from 2014 found that "opt-out moms" -mothers who have at least a master's degree and an annual family income of $75,000 or more, and who left the workforce to care for their families-make up just 4% or so of moms who stay home with their children. In a 2009 Centre for Work Life Policy survey of women with advanced degrees or with undergraduate degrees, 69% of respondents said that they would not have "opted out" </br> to care for their kids if their jobs had been more flexible.A lot of women are getting pushed into dropping out entirely for a few years because they can't get a little leave at the beginning or because they can't get enough flexibility, said England. </br> In the US, most women don't have access to paid maternity leave. A Pew survey from last year showed that 41% of moms find parenting makes it harder for them to advance in their careers.The motherhood penalty hurts women at the low end of the pay scale, too, since they have fewer resources, less disposable income and less flex-time. But those at the highest end face the disproportionate income loss.As for men, they get a fatherhood bonus, an increase of more than 6% in earnings for every child they have. To employers, being a dad signals stability and commitment.Even in workplaces that offer flexibility, women have reported penalties for taking advantage of the options, such as loss of responsibility or longer hours than promised. "To the extent that employers can, they should institutionalise a certain limited amount of flexibility or leave and not penalise it," she said. </br>

The above report was based on the Pew analysis done in which of the following countries?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Some words have been given in bold so that you can locate them easily while answering some questions.</br> For women, having a kid is seen as a bad career move and having one as a highly skilled earner is even worse. For each child she has, a woman suffers a 'motherhood penalty' of 4% of income. According to new research, published in the American Sociological Review, for high-skilled, high-paid workers that penalty climbs to 10% per child. High-flying women who take off two years to raise their kids miss out on projects, raises and career opportunities that have a big financial impact down the line.Any amount they do drop out or go down to part-time is going to be more costly for them, said Paula England, lead researcher on the study. A Pew analysis from 2014 found that "opt-out moms" -mothers who have at least a master's degree and an annual family income of $75,000 or more, and who left the workforce to care for their families-make up just 4% or so of moms who stay home with their children. In a 2009 Centre for Work Life Policy survey of women with advanced degrees or with undergraduate degrees, 69% of respondents said that they would not have "opted out" </br> to care for their kids if their jobs had been more flexible.A lot of women are getting pushed into dropping out entirely for a few years because they can't get a little leave at the beginning or because they can't get enough flexibility, said England. </br> In the US, most women don't have access to paid maternity leave. A Pew survey from last year showed that 41% of moms find parenting makes it harder for them to advance in their careers.The motherhood penalty hurts women at the low end of the pay scale, too, since they have fewer resources, less disposable income and less flex-time. But those at the highest end face the disproportionate income loss.As for men, they get a fatherhood bonus, an increase of more than 6% in earnings for every child they have. To employers, being a dad signals stability and commitment.Even in workplaces that offer flexibility, women have reported penalties for taking advantage of the options, such as loss of responsibility or longer hours than promised. "To the extent that employers can, they should institutionalise a certain limited amount of flexibility or leave and not penalise it," she said. </br>

What is the theme of the passage?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Some words have been given in bold so that you can locate them easily while answering some questions.</br> For women, having a kid is seen as a bad career move and having one as a highly skilled earner is even worse. For each child she has, a woman suffers a 'motherhood penalty' of 4% of income. According to new research, published in the American Sociological Review, for high-skilled, high-paid workers that penalty climbs to 10% per child. High-flying women who take off two years to raise their kids miss out on projects, raises and career opportunities that have a big financial impact down the line.Any amount they do drop out or go down to part-time is going to be more costly for them, said Paula England, lead researcher on the study. A Pew analysis from 2014 found that "opt-out moms" -mothers who have at least a master's degree and an annual family income of $75,000 or more, and who left the workforce to care for their families-make up just 4% or so of moms who stay home with their children. In a 2009 Centre for Work Life Policy survey of women with advanced degrees or with undergraduate degrees, 69% of respondents said that they would not have "opted out" </br> to care for their kids if their jobs had been more flexible.A lot of women are getting pushed into dropping out entirely for a few years because they can't get a little leave at the beginning or because they can't get enough flexibility, said England. </br> In the US, most women don't have access to paid maternity leave. A Pew survey from last year showed that 41% of moms find parenting makes it harder for them to advance in their careers.The motherhood penalty hurts women at the low end of the pay scale, too, since they have fewer resources, less disposable income and less flex-time. But those at the highest end face the disproportionate income loss.As for men, they get a fatherhood bonus, an increase of more than 6% in earnings for every child they have. To employers, being a dad signals stability and commitment.Even in workplaces that offer flexibility, women have reported penalties for taking advantage of the options, such as loss of responsibility or longer hours than promised. "To the extent that employers can, they should institutionalise a certain limited amount of flexibility or leave and not penalise it," she said. </br>

According to 2009 Centre for Work Life Policy survey, why the women had opted out their jobs?