Cloze Test – Test 68

In the following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Find out the appropriate word/phrase in each case.

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion). All are specially (21) with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within some the economy and by different sectors. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and may also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods & services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by (22) monetary values to them. Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large (23) of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century, the systematic keeping of national accounts, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it (24) for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could (25) as well-informed as possible.

In the following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Find out the appropriate word/phrase in each case.

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion). All are specially (21) with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within some the economy and by different sectors. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and may also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods & services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by (22) monetary values to them. Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large (23) of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century, the systematic keeping of national accounts, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it (24) for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could (25) as well-informed as possible.

In the following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Find out the appropriate word/phrase in each case.

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion). All are specially (21) with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within some the economy and by different sectors. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and may also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods & services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by (22) monetary values to them. Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large (23) of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century, the systematic keeping of national accounts, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it (24) for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could (25) as well-informed as possible.