IBPS Clerk – IBPS CLERK TEST - 10

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.<br> Corruption is a broad term covering a wide range of misuse of entrusted funds and power for personal gain i.e. Theft, fraud, <strong>nepotism,</strong> abuse of power etc. A corrupt act is often ­ but not necessarily ­ illegal. In handling corruption you will often face a <strong>Gray zones</strong> and <strong>dilemmas. </strong> In many countries, corruption is everywhere and daily life is riddled with situations in the Gray zone between legal and illegal. Many people accept petty corruption as a fact of life. But the causes might differ, however, whether corruption results from a need, a culture or simply from an opportunity too tempting not to exploit, it influences the way we deal with it ­ or don't deal with it. Corruption can occur on different scales. There is corruption that occurs as small favours between a small number of people (petty corruption), corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so <strong>prevalent</strong> that it is part of the every day structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corruption).<br> The main reason for the spread of corruption is that the people in the highest seat of power are corrupt unless the people at the top <strong>rung</strong> of power are honest and free from corruption; there is absolutely no possibility of <strong>eradicating</strong> corruption. If there is widespread corruption in India , it is because the people at the top are really corrupt .No subordinate will have to <strong>guts</strong> to be corrupt if the people at the top of the administration are honest and take <strong>stern</strong> action against the corrupt people .They can not be harsh to the corrupt people , since it is through the corrupt subordinates that the people at the top get their share of the bribes .If one can make a discrete enquiry with the pavement traders, he can find out how much the police and the corporation councillors collect from the pavement traders .They say that the money so collected is shared by people from the top to the bottom. If the head is corrupt, what will the limbs do? The causes of corruption in India also include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes. There are significant variations in level of corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India.<br> A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office.Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually 22,200 crores (US$ 4.5 billion) in bribes. Government regulators and police share in bribe money, each to the tune of 43% and 45% respectively. The en route stoppages including those at checkpoints and entry­ points take up to 11 hours in a day. About 60% of these (forced) stoppages on road by concerned authorities such as government regulators, police, forest, sales and excise, octroi, weighing and measuring department are for extorting money. The loss in productivity due to these stoppages is an important national concern. The number of truck trips could increase by 40%, if forced delays are avoided. According to a 2007 World Bank published report, the travel time for a Delhi­Mumbai trip can be reduced by about 2 days per trip if the corruption and associated regulatory stoppages to extract bribes was eliminated.

In the context of passage which of the following can be categorized under the "petty corruption"?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.<br> Corruption is a broad term covering a wide range of misuse of entrusted funds and power for personal gain i.e. Theft, fraud, <strong>nepotism,</strong> abuse of power etc. A corrupt act is often ­ but not necessarily ­ illegal. In handling corruption you will often face a <strong>Gray zones</strong> and <strong>dilemmas. </strong> In many countries, corruption is everywhere and daily life is riddled with situations in the Gray zone between legal and illegal. Many people accept petty corruption as a fact of life. But the causes might differ, however, whether corruption results from a need, a culture or simply from an opportunity too tempting not to exploit, it influences the way we deal with it ­ or don't deal with it. Corruption can occur on different scales. There is corruption that occurs as small favours between a small number of people (petty corruption), corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so <strong>prevalent</strong> that it is part of the every day structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corruption).<br> The main reason for the spread of corruption is that the people in the highest seat of power are corrupt unless the people at the top <strong>rung</strong> of power are honest and free from corruption; there is absolutely no possibility of <strong>eradicating</strong> corruption. If there is widespread corruption in India , it is because the people at the top are really corrupt .No subordinate will have to <strong>guts</strong> to be corrupt if the people at the top of the administration are honest and take <strong>stern</strong> action against the corrupt people .They can not be harsh to the corrupt people , since it is through the corrupt subordinates that the people at the top get their share of the bribes .If one can make a discrete enquiry with the pavement traders, he can find out how much the police and the corporation councillors collect from the pavement traders .They say that the money so collected is shared by people from the top to the bottom. If the head is corrupt, what will the limbs do? The causes of corruption in India also include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes. There are significant variations in level of corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India.<br> A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office.Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually 22,200 crores (US$ 4.5 billion) in bribes. Government regulators and police share in bribe money, each to the tune of 43% and 45% respectively. The en route stoppages including those at checkpoints and entry­ points take up to 11 hours in a day. About 60% of these (forced) stoppages on road by concerned authorities such as government regulators, police, forest, sales and excise, octroi, weighing and measuring department are for extorting money. The loss in productivity due to these stoppages is an important national concern. The number of truck trips could increase by 40%, if forced delays are avoided. According to a 2007 World Bank published report, the travel time for a Delhi­Mumbai trip can be reduced by about 2 days per trip if the corruption and associated regulatory stoppages to extract bribes was eliminated.

What is the main objective of writer behind writing the passage?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.<br> Corruption is a broad term covering a wide range of misuse of entrusted funds and power for personal gain i.e. Theft, fraud, <strong>nepotism,</strong> abuse of power etc. A corrupt act is often ­ but not necessarily ­ illegal. In handling corruption you will often face a <strong>Gray zones</strong> and <strong>dilemmas. </strong> In many countries, corruption is everywhere and daily life is riddled with situations in the Gray zone between legal and illegal. Many people accept petty corruption as a fact of life. But the causes might differ, however, whether corruption results from a need, a culture or simply from an opportunity too tempting not to exploit, it influences the way we deal with it ­ or don't deal with it. Corruption can occur on different scales. There is corruption that occurs as small favours between a small number of people (petty corruption), corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so <strong>prevalent</strong> that it is part of the every day structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corruption).<br> The main reason for the spread of corruption is that the people in the highest seat of power are corrupt unless the people at the top <strong>rung</strong> of power are honest and free from corruption; there is absolutely no possibility of <strong>eradicating</strong> corruption. If there is widespread corruption in India , it is because the people at the top are really corrupt .No subordinate will have to <strong>guts</strong> to be corrupt if the people at the top of the administration are honest and take <strong>stern</strong> action against the corrupt people .They can not be harsh to the corrupt people , since it is through the corrupt subordinates that the people at the top get their share of the bribes .If one can make a discrete enquiry with the pavement traders, he can find out how much the police and the corporation councillors collect from the pavement traders .They say that the money so collected is shared by people from the top to the bottom. If the head is corrupt, what will the limbs do? The causes of corruption in India also include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes. There are significant variations in level of corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India.<br> A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office.Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers pay annually 22,200 crores (US$ 4.5 billion) in bribes. Government regulators and police share in bribe money, each to the tune of 43% and 45% respectively. The en route stoppages including those at checkpoints and entry­ points take up to 11 hours in a day. About 60% of these (forced) stoppages on road by concerned authorities such as government regulators, police, forest, sales and excise, octroi, weighing and measuring department are for extorting money. The loss in productivity due to these stoppages is an important national concern. The number of truck trips could increase by 40%, if forced delays are avoided. According to a 2007 World Bank published report, the travel time for a Delhi­Mumbai trip can be reduced by about 2 days per trip if the corruption and associated regulatory stoppages to extract bribes was eliminated.

Which of the following is the main reason for the growing corruption in the context of passage?