India, U.S. draw up deal on rare earth elements
On the sidelines of the 11th Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (FMM), India and the United States on Tuesday firmed up an important framework for cooperation in ensuring steady supplies of critical minerals, in a move that follows growing concerns over China’s export controls of rare earth minerals and strategic metals vital for technology supply chains.“The Framework aims to deepen India-U.S. cooperation across the critical minerals and rare earths supply chain, including mining, processing, recycling and related investments. It seeks to strengthen resilient and diversified supply chains, while promoting collaboration in financing and effective management of critical minerals and rare earths scrap,” said an announcement on the “Framework” titled “Securing of supply in the mining and processing of critical minerals and rare earths”.
The understanding between India and the U.S. has been under consideration at least since Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Washington in February 2025, when secure supply routes for critical minerals were considered a “shared strategic priority”, said a official press note.
A separate framework on critical minerals was also signed among the four Quad nations — Australia, India, Japan and the United States — which aims at mobilising around $20 billion in government and private-sector support to establish stable supply chains for critical minerals.
The initiatives aim at dealing with the shortfall of critical metals in global markets that intensified after China imposed export controls on rare earth elements in 2025, after the U.S.’s imposition of tariffs on a large number of partner countries.
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