Vocab24 || Daily Vocab

1 Gratuity (noun)

A sum of money given as a tip or as thanks for a service; also a lump-sum payment given by an employer to an employee, especially on retirement or after a period of service. (उपदान / इनाम)

Synonyms: Tip, Bonus, Reward, Honorarium

Antonyms: Penalty, Fine, Deduction, Forfeiture

Example: After retirement, he received gratuity as per the service rules, and the waiter was also given a small gratuity for good service.

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2 Prosecution (noun)

The institution and conducting of legal proceedings against a person, especially for a criminal offence; also the legal team that represents the state in a criminal case. (अभियोजन)

Synonyms: Legal action, Indictment, Proceedings, Litigation

Antonyms: Defense, Acquittal, Exoneration, Absolution

Example: The prosecution presented evidence to prove the accused’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

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3 Retrenchment (noun)

The act of reducing costs or spending; in employment, the reduction of staff by layoffs or termination to cut expenses. (कटौती / छंटनी)

Synonyms: Cutback, Downsizing, Layoff, Austerity

Antonyms: Expansion, Hiring, Enlargement, Increase

Example: The company announced retrenchment due to falling revenues and rising operational costs.

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4 Empanelment (noun)

The process of selecting, appointing, or enrolling someone/something onto an official panel or approved list. (पैनल में शामिल करना)

Synonyms: Enrollment, Appointment, Listing, Selection

Antonyms: Exclusion, Removal, Delisting, Disenrollment

Example: The hospital’s empanelment with the insurer enabled cashless treatment for eligible patients.

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5 Immunity (noun)

Protection or exemption from something, especially from legal action, duties, or penalties; also the body’s ability to resist disease. (प्रतिरक्षा / उन्मुक्ति)

Synonyms: Exemption, Protection, Safeguard, Indemnity

Antonyms: Liability, Vulnerability, Exposure, Susceptibility

Example: The diplomat claimed immunity from prosecution under international law.

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6 Disqualification (noun)

The act of preventing someone from taking part in something, or a condition that makes a person ineligible, especially under rules/law. (अयोग्यता)

Synonyms: Ineligibility, Debarment, Exclusion, Bar

Antonyms: Qualification, Eligibility, Authorization, Approval

Example: His disqualification from the election was challenged in court on procedural grounds.

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7 Amalgamation (noun)

The action, process, or result of combining or uniting two or more things into one. (विलय)

Synonyms: Merger, Consolidation, Combination, Fusion

Antonyms: Separation, Division, Split, Dissolution

Example: The amalgamation of the two companies created a single stronger organization.

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8 Pendency (noun)

The state of being pending or not yet decided; the period during which something remains unresolved, especially cases in courts. (लंबित अवस्था)

Synonyms: Pending status, Unresolved state, Awaiting decision, Continuance

Antonyms: Resolution, Conclusion, Finality, Settlement

Example: The pendency of cases in the court increased due to repeated adjournments.

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9 Repatriation (noun)

The process of returning someone to their own country, or the return of money/assets back to the country of origin. (स्वदेश वापसी)

Synonyms: Return, Restoration, Homecoming, Resettlement

Antonyms: Expatriation, Exile, Deportation, Banishment

Example: The repatriation of citizens was arranged during the crisis, and funds held abroad were also repatriated.

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10 Subvention (noun)

Financial support (such as a grant, subsidy, or assistance) given by a government or an organization to reduce costs or encourage an activity. (अनुदान)

Synonyms: Subsidy, Grant, Aid, Assistance

Antonyms: Penalty, Fine, Levy, Exaction

Example: The government announced a subvention on farm loans to lower the interest burden for small farmers.

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1 Recusal (noun)

The act of a judge or official stepping aside from a case due to possible bias or conflict of interest. (पदत्याग)

Synonyms: Withdrawal, Abstention, Disqualification, Step-down

Antonyms: Participation, Involvement, Engagement, Inclusion

Example: The judge announced recusal because of a prior connection with the parties.

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2 Estoppel (noun)

A legal rule that prevents someone from saying or doing something that contradicts what they earlier stated or agreed to, especially when others relied on it. (प्रतिषेध)

Synonyms: Preclusion, Bar, Prevention, Prohibition

Antonyms: Permission, Allowance, Entitlement, Freedom

Example: Because of estoppel, he could not deny the promise after the other party relied on it.

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3 Domicile (noun)

The place where a person has their permanent home or legal residence. (अधिवास)

Synonyms: Residence, Home, Abode, Dwelling

Antonyms: Foreign land, Nonresidence, Departure, Exile

Example: She changed her domicile to Rajasthan for official eligibility purposes.

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4 Annexure (noun)

An additional document or section attached to the main document for reference. (परिशिष्ट)

Synonyms: Appendix, Attachment, Addendum, Supplement

Antonyms: Main text, Core document, Detachment, Omission

Example: Please refer to the annexure for the detailed list of beneficiaries.

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5 Deposition (noun)

A formal statement given under oath, especially for use in a court case. (शपथपूर्वक बयान)

Synonyms: Testimony, Statement, Declaration, Affidavit

Antonyms: Retraction, Denial, Silence, Concealment

Example: The witness gave a deposition before the trial began.

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6 Interpellation (noun)

A formal question raised in a legislature to question a minister or the government. (प्रश्नोत्तर)

Synonyms: Questioning, Inquiry, Interrogation, Query

Antonyms: Silence, Ignoring, Acceptance, Approval

Example: The opposition moved an interpellation to seek clarification on the new policy.

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7 Ratification (noun)

The official approval of an agreement, treaty, or decision. (अनुसमर्थन)

Synonyms: Approval, Confirmation, Validation, Endorsement

Antonyms: Rejection, Refusal, Disapproval, Veto

Example: The treaty came into force only after ratification by the parliament.

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8 Remittance (noun)

A sum of money sent, especially by mail or electronic transfer, to pay for something or to someone. (धन प्रेषण)

Synonyms: Transfer, Payment, Transmission, Dispatch

Antonyms: Receipt, Retention, Withholding, Collection

Example: He made a remittance to his family every month from abroad.

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9 Misappropriation (noun)

The dishonest use of money or property for one’s own benefit. (गबन)

Synonyms: Embezzlement, Theft, Misuse, Defalcation

Antonyms: Restitution, Reimbursement, Compensation, Repayment

Example: The auditor found evidence of misappropriation of public funds.

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10 Contingency (noun)

A possible future event or situation that cannot be predicted with certainty. (आकस्मिक स्थिति)

Synonyms: Emergency, Possibility, Eventuality, Uncertainty

Antonyms: Certainty, Assurance, Impossibility, Guarantee

Example: The company kept extra funds as a contingency for unexpected repairs.

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11 Exemption (noun)

The act of being freed from an obligation, rule, or payment; a special permission not to follow a requirement. (छूट)

Synonyms: Waiver, Immunity, Dispensation, Exclusion

Antonyms: Obligation, Requirement, Liability, Compulsion

Example: Senior citizens may get tax exemption on certain types of income under specific rules.

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12 Expenditure (noun)

The act of spending money; the amount of money spent for a particular purpose. (व्यय)

Synonyms: Spending, Outlay, Expense, Disbursement

Antonyms: Income, Revenue, Earnings, Savings

Example: The government's health expenditure increased to improve hospitals and primary care services.

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13 Interministerial (adjective)

Involving cooperation or coordination between different ministries or departments of a government. (अंतर-मंत्रालयीय)

Synonyms: Cross-ministerial, Interdepartmental, Coordinated, Collaborative

Antonyms: Intraministerial, Isolated, Unilateral, Uncoordinated

Example: An interministerial committee was formed to address the issue of urban pollution.

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14 Enforcement (noun)

The act of making sure that a law, rule, or decision is obeyed and applied in practice. (प्रवर्तन)

Synonyms: Implementation, Execution, Application, Imposition

Antonyms: Noncompliance, Neglect, Disregard, Violation

Example: Strict enforcement of traffic rules reduced accidents in the city.

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15 Deputation (noun)

The act of sending an employee/official temporarily to another post, department, or organization; also, a group sent for a specific purpose. (प्रतिनियुक्ति)

Synonyms: Secondment, Assignment, Posting, Delegation

Antonyms: Permanence, Retention, Reinstatement, Repatriation

Example: She went on deputation to the central ministry for two years to work on a national project.

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16 Endorsement (noun)

Public approval or support for someone or something; also, an official signature on a document. (समर्थन)

Synonyms: Approval, Support, Backing, Authorization

Antonyms: Opposition, Rejection, Disapproval, Denial

Example: The candidate gained popularity after receiving an endorsement from a respected leader.

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17 Remediation (noun)

The act of correcting a problem or improving a bad situation, especially by repairing damage or fixing faults. (सुधारात्मक उपाय)

Synonyms: Correction, Rectification, Repair, Rehabilitation

Antonyms: Neglect, Deterioration, Worsening, Aggravation

Example: The company started environmental remediation to clean up the polluted riverbank.

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18 Standardization (noun)

The process of making something follow a fixed and accepted standard or uniform set of rules. (मानकीकरण)

Synonyms: Uniformity, Normalization, Harmonization, Regulation

Antonyms: Variation, Irregularity, Diversity, Nonconformity

Example: Standardization of safety rules ensured that all factories followed the same minimum requirements.

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19 Decentralization (noun)

The transfer of power or decision-making from a central authority to local or regional bodies. (विकेन्द्रीकरण)

Synonyms: Devolution, Delegation, Dispersal, Deconcentration

Antonyms: Centralization, Consolidation, Concentration, Unification

Example: Decentralization in governance allows local bodies to make decisions based on local needs.

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20 Interoperability (noun)

The ability of different systems, devices, or organizations to work together and exchange information smoothly. (अंतरसंचालनीयता)

Synonyms: Compatibility, Integratability, Interconnection, Interchangeability

Antonyms: Incompatibility, Isolation, Disconnection, Fragmentation

Example: Interoperability between hospitals helped doctors access patient records quickly and safely.

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1 Confiscate (verb)

Take (property or goods) away from someone as a penalty or by authority, especially by the government. (जब्त करना)

Synonyms: Seize, Impound, Expropriate, Forfeit

Antonyms: Return, Restore, Release, Surrender

Example: The authorities confiscated illegal goods during the raid.

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2 Defalcation (noun)

Misappropriation of funds; the act of illegally taking money that you were trusted to manage, or failing to account for it. (गबन / धन का दुरुपयोग)

Synonyms: Embezzlement, Misappropriation, Fraud, Pilferage

Antonyms: Honesty, Integrity, Restitution, Accountability

Example: An internal audit uncovered defalcation of public funds by the cashier.

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3 Justiciable (adjective)

Capable of being decided by a court of law; suitable for judicial review. (न्यायालय में विचारणीय)

Synonyms: Actionable, Triable, Litigable, Judicial

Antonyms: Nonjusticiable, Unenforceable, Nonactionable, Undecidable

Example: Fundamental Rights are justiciable, so a citizen can approach the court for enforcement.

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4 Admissible (adjective)

Allowed or accepted, especially as valid evidence in a court or as permissible under rules. (स्वीकार्य / मान्य)

Synonyms: Acceptable, Permissible, Allowable, Valid

Antonyms: Inadmissible, Unacceptable, Impermissible, Invalid

Example: The judge ruled that the recording was not admissible evidence.

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5 Concessional (adjective)

Given on special, reduced, or more favorable terms than usual, especially at a lower rate or price. (रियायती)

Synonyms: Discounted, Reduced-rate, Preferential, Subsidized

Antonyms: Full-rate, Standard, Regular, Unsubsidized

Example: The bank offered concessional loans to farmers during the drought period.

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6 Disinvestment (noun)

The act of selling or reducing an investment or ownership stake, especially when the government sells its shares in a public sector company. (विनिवेश)

Synonyms: Divestment, Sell-off, Privatization, Stake sale

Antonyms: Investment, Acquisition, Nationalization, Capital infusion

Example: The government announced disinvestment in the PSU to raise funds and improve efficiency.

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7 Beneficiary (noun)

A person who receives benefits, money, or advantage, especially from a will, trust, insurance, or a government scheme. (लाभार्थी)

Synonyms: Recipient, Heir, Donee, Grantee

Antonyms: Donor, Giver, Provider, Grantor

Example: Each beneficiary of the scheme received direct financial support in their bank account.

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8 Expropriate (verb)

Take (property) from its owner for public use, typically with compensation. (अधिग्रहित करना)

Synonyms: Seize, Confiscate, Requisition, Appropriate

Antonyms: Return, Restore, Give back, Relinquish

Example: The state decided to expropriate the land to build a highway.

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9 Encumbrance (noun)

A burden, obstacle, or claim (like a debt or legal right) that limits freedom or property use. (बोझ / बाधा)

Synonyms: Burden, Hindrance, Obstruction, Liability

Antonyms: Freedom, Advantage, Benefit, Release

Example: The property was sold only after clearing all encumbrances on the land.

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10 Delimitation (noun)

The act of fixing or marking the limits or boundaries of something, especially constituencies or regions. (सीमांकन)

Synonyms: Demarcation, Boundary-setting, Definition, Partition

Antonyms: Expansion, Enlargement, Extension, Broadening

Example: The government announced a new delimitation of constituencies before the next election.

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11 Embezzle (verb)

Steal money that you have been trusted to manage, especially from an organization or employer. (गबन करना)

Synonyms: Misappropriate, Steal, Swindle, Defraud

Antonyms: Return, Repay, Reimburse, Restore

Example: The accountant was arrested for embezzling funds from the company over several years.

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12 Impound (verb)

Take and keep (a vehicle, document, or goods) in official custody, usually because of a rule/law violation. (जब्त करना)

Synonyms: Confiscate, Seize, Detain, Repossess

Antonyms: Release, Return, Restore, Surrender

Example: The police impounded his bike for driving without valid papers.

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13 Prorogation (noun)

The official ending (discontinuation) of a session of Parliament/legislature without dissolving it. (संसद सत्र का स्थगन/समापन)

Synonyms: Adjournment, Recess, Suspension, Discontinuation

Antonyms: Convening, Summoning, Opening, Continuation

Example: The government advised prorogation of the session after the agenda was completed.

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14 Notarize (verb)

Get a document officially certified by a notary public, confirming signatures and authenticity. (नोटरी से प्रमाणित करना)

Synonyms: Authenticate, Certify, Attest, Validate

Antonyms: Forge, Falsify, Repudiate, Disavow

Example: She went to the notary office to notarize the affidavit before submitting it.

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15 Explicate (verb)

Explain (something) in detail, making it clear and easy to understand. (व्याख्या करना)

Synonyms: Explain, Clarify, Elucidate, Interpret

Antonyms: Confuse, Obscure, Complicate, Mislead

Example: The teacher explicated the difficult concept with simple steps and examples.

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16 Arrears (noun)

Money that is owed and should have been paid earlier; overdue payments. (बकाया राशि)

Synonyms: Overdue payments, Backlog, Outstanding dues, Unpaid balance

Antonyms: Advance payment, Settlement, Clearance, Payment-in-full

Example: He cleared the rent arrears after receiving his salary.

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17 Fiduciary (adjective/noun)

Involving trust, especially a legal duty to act in someone else’s best interest; a person who holds such a duty (like a trustee). (न्यासीय / विश्वास पर आधारित)

Synonyms: Trustee, Steward, Guardian, Agent

Antonyms: Self-serving, Untrustworthy, Dishonest, Negligent

Example: A company director has a fiduciary duty to act in the best interest of shareholders.

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18 Remit (verb)

Send (money) as a payment, especially to someone at a distance; cancel or reduce a punishment or debt. (भेजना / माफ करना)

Synonyms: Transfer, Send, Pay, Forgive

Antonyms: Withhold, Retain, Demand, Impose

Example: Many workers remit part of their salary to their families every month.

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19 Disburse (verb)

Pay out (money), especially from a fund or an official account. (वितरित करना)

Synonyms: Dispense, Pay out, Allocate, Release

Antonyms: Collect, Withhold, Retain, Reclaim

Example: The government will disburse the scholarship amount to eligible students next month.

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20 Infringe (verb)

Actively break the terms of (a law, agreement, etc.); violate someone’s rights. (उल्लंघन करना)

Synonyms: Violate, Breach, Contravene, Transgress

Antonyms: Comply, Obey, Uphold, Respect

Example: The new policy may infringe on citizens’ right to privacy.

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1 Grievance (noun)

A complaint or a feeling of unfair treatment or injustice. (शिकायत)

Synonyms: Complaint, Objection, Protest, Resentment

Antonyms: Satisfaction, Contentment, Approval, Praise

Example: The department set up a portal to address public grievances quickly.

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2 Reimburse (verb)

To repay someone for money they have spent or lost. (भरपाई करना)

Synonyms: Repay, Refund, Compensate, Remunerate

Antonyms: Charge, Deduct, Withhold, Confiscate

Example: The company will reimburse employees for official travel expenses.

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3 Subsidize (verb)

To support financially by giving money to reduce the cost of a product or service. (अर्थिक सहायता देना)

Synonyms: Support, Fund, Sponsor, Underwrite

Antonyms: Charge, Tax, Penalize, Withdraw support

Example: The government decided to subsidize fertilizers to help small farmers.

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4 Irregularity (noun)

A lack of uniformity or a deviation from what is normal, expected, or lawful. (अनियामित्ता)

Synonyms: Anomaly, Deviation, Discrepancy, Abnormality

Antonyms: Regularity, Uniformity, Consistency, Orderliness

Example: The audit revealed financial irregularities in the procurement process.

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5 Oversee (verb)

To supervise or watch over a process, work, or people to ensure it is done correctly. (निग्रानी करना)

Synonyms: Supervise, Monitor, Manage, Administer

Antonyms: Ignore, Neglect, Overlook, Abandon

Example: The officer was assigned to oversee the implementation of the new welfare scheme.

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6 Reinstate (verb)

To restore someone or something to a previous position, condition, or status. (बहल करना)

Synonyms: Restore, Reappoint, Reestablish, Reintroduce

Antonyms: Dismiss, Remove, Abolish, Suspend

Example: The authority decided to reinstate the officer after the inquiry cleared him.

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7 Uphold (verb)

To support, maintain, or defend something such as a law, principle, or decision. (बनाये रखना)

Synonyms: Support, Maintain, Defend, Sustain

Antonyms: Overturn, Violate, Abandon, Undermine

Example: The court decided to uphold the constitutional right to equality.

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8 Benchmark (noun)

A standard or point of reference used to compare performance or quality. (मानक)

Synonyms: Standard, Yardstick, Criterion, Reference point

Antonyms: Guesswork, Uncertainty, Irregularity, Randomness

Example: The new scheme became a benchmark for efficient public service delivery.

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9 Implementation (noun)

The process of putting a decision, plan, or law into effect. (कार्यनवयन)

Synonyms: Execution, Enforcement, Application, Deployment

Antonyms: Abandonment, Neglect, Inaction, Noncompliance

Example: The successful implementation of the policy reduced delays in service delivery.

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10 Accountability (noun)

The obligation to explain, justify, and take responsibility for one’s actions or decisions. (जवाबदेही)

Synonyms: Responsibility, Answerability, Liability, Transparency

Antonyms: Irresponsibility, Unaccountability, Negligence, Evasion

Example: Public officials must maintain accountability for how they use taxpayers’ money.

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11 Extradition (noun)

The formal process of sending an accused or convicted person back to another country (or state) where they are wanted for trial or punishment. (प्रत्यर्पण)

Synonyms: Deportation, Repatriation, Handover, Rendition

Antonyms: Asylum, Refuge, Protection, Safe haven

Example: The court approved the extradition of the suspect to face charges abroad.

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12 Emolument (noun)

A salary, fee, or profit received from a job or holding an office. (वेतन / पारिश्रमिक)

Synonyms: Remuneration, Salary, Compensation, Fee

Antonyms: Loss, Fine, Penalty, Deduction

Example: The minister’s emoluments included a fixed salary and additional allowances.

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13 Amnesty (noun)

An official pardon given to a group of people, usually for political offenses, often ending prosecution or punishment. (माफी / आम क्षमा)

Synonyms: Pardon, Clemency, Forgiveness, Exoneration

Antonyms: Prosecution, Punishment, Conviction, Retribution

Example: The government announced an amnesty for those who surrendered their illegal weapons.

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14 Surcharge (noun)

An extra charge or tax added to an existing amount. (अधिभार / अतिरिक्त शुल्क)

Synonyms: Extra charge, Additional fee, Levy, Markup

Antonyms: Discount, Rebate, Refund, Waiver

Example: The government imposed a surcharge on high-income earners to raise additional revenue.

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15 Quorum (noun)

The minimum number of members needed to be present for a meeting or assembly to conduct official business and take valid decisions. (गणपूर्ति / न्यूनतम उपस्थिति)

Synonyms: Minimum attendance, Required members, Necessary presence, Minimum membership

Antonyms: Absence, Nonattendance, Desertion, Dispersal

Example: The committee could not vote on the proposal because the quorum was not met.

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16 Referendum (noun)

A direct vote in which all eligible citizens can vote on a specific proposal or issue. (जनमत संग्रह)

Synonyms: Plebiscite, Popular vote, Public ballot, Direct vote

Antonyms: Decree, Imposition, Appointment, Diktat

Example: The government held a referendum to decide whether the new law should be accepted by the public.

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17 Ombudsman (noun)

An independent official who investigates complaints made by people against a government department, company, or institution. (लोकपाल / शिकायत निवारण अधिकारी)

Synonyms: Complaints officer, Public advocate, Arbitrator, Mediator

Antonyms: Wrongdoer, Offender, Oppressor, Perpetrator

Example: Employees approached the ombudsman to report unfair treatment and seek a neutral inquiry.

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18 Gerrymander (verb)

Manipulate the boundaries of electoral districts to favor a particular political party or group. (निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों की सीमाओं में पक्षपातपूर्ण हेरफेर करना)

Synonyms: Manipulate, Rig, Skew, Engineer

Antonyms: Apportion fairly, Balance, Equalize, Demarcate impartially

Example: The ruling party was accused of trying to gerrymander districts to secure more seats.

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19 Filibuster (noun)

A tactic of delaying or blocking a decision, especially in a legislature, by giving long speeches or causing obstruction. (कार्यवाही रोकना / लम्बी बहस से देरी करना)

Synonyms: Obstruction, Delay, Stalling, Stonewalling

Antonyms: Expedite, Advance, Facilitate, Conclude

Example: The senator tried to filibuster the bill to prevent it from coming to a vote.

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20 Exchequer (noun)

A government’s treasury; the public money and funds of a country. (राजकोष / सरकारी खजाना)

Synonyms: Treasury, Public purse, State funds, Government coffers

Antonyms: Debt, Deficit, Insolvency, Bankruptcy

Example: The new tax policy increased revenue flowing into the national exchequer.

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1 Inimitable (adjective)

So unique or excellent that it cannot be imitated or copied. (अद्वितीय/अनुकरण-असम्भव)

Synonyms: Unmatched, Unique, Peerless, Unrivaled

Antonyms: Imitable, Common, Ordinary, Replicable

Example: Her inimitable style of teaching made even tough topics feel simple.

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2 Rapacious (adjective)

Aggressively greedy; grabbing or desiring more than one needs, especially for money or power. (लोलुप/अत्यधिक लालची)

Synonyms: Greedy, Voracious, Grasping, Predatory

Antonyms: Generous, Content, Moderate, Selfless

Example: The rapacious landlord kept raising rents to squeeze more money from tenants.

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3 Pedantry (noun)

Excessive concern with minor details and rules, especially in teaching or learning; showy academicism. (अति नियमप्रियता/छोटी-छोटी बातों में अटकना)

Synonyms: Nitpicking, Formalism, Punctiliousness, Academicism

Antonyms: Flexibility, Broad-mindedness, Practicality, Informality

Example: His pedantry slowed the discussion because he kept correcting small grammar errors.

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4 Enormity (noun)

The extreme wickedness or seriousness of something; a grave wrongdoing. (घोर अपराध/भयंकरता)

Synonyms: Atrocity, Heinousness, Immorality, Outrage

Antonyms: Virtue, Goodness, Morality, Innocence

Example: The court condemned the enormity of the crime in strong words.

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5 Duplicity (noun)

Deceitfulness; double-dealing by pretending to have honest intentions. (दोगलापन/छल)

Synonyms: Deceit, Dishonesty, Double-dealing, Treachery

Antonyms: Honesty, Sincerity, Integrity, Frankness

Example: The leader’s duplicity was exposed when his private actions contradicted his public promises.

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6 Irreverence (noun)

Lack of respect for people or things that are generally taken seriously; disrespect. (अनादर)

Synonyms: Disrespect, Insolence, Impudence, Contempt

Antonyms: Reverence, Respect, Veneration, Deference

Example: His irreverence toward the judge annoyed everyone in the courtroom.

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7 Interlocutor (noun)

A person who takes part in a conversation or dialogue; a speaker in discussion. (संवाद करने वाला व्यक्ति)

Synonyms: Conversationalist, Speaker, Participant, Discussant

Antonyms: Listener, Bystander, Spectator, Onlooker

Example: During the debate, each interlocutor presented their arguments clearly.

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8 Emancipate (verb)

Set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberate. (मुक्त करना)

Synonyms: Liberate, Free, Release, Unshackle

Antonyms: Enslave, Oppress, Restrain, Subjugate

Example: The new law aimed to emancipate bonded laborers from exploitation.

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9 Disenfranchise (verb)

Deprive (someone) of the right to vote or of a civil right. (मताधिकार/नागरिक अधिकार से वंचित करना)

Synonyms: Deprive, Disqualify, Exclude, Strip

Antonyms: Enfranchise, Empower, Authorize, Include

Example: Some laws were used to disenfranchise certain groups from voting.

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10 Appellation (noun)

A name or title given to someone or something; a designation. (नाम/उपाधि)

Synonyms: Name, Title, Designation, Label

Antonyms: Anonymity, Namelessness, Obscurity, Facelessness

Example: “The City of Lakes” is an appellation often used for Udaipur.

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11 Sublime (adjective)

Extremely beautiful, impressive, or awe-inspiring; of the highest quality. (अति सुंदर/ अद्भुत)

Synonyms: Magnificent, Splendid, Exalted, Awe-inspiring

Antonyms: Ordinary, Mediocre, Inferior, Ugly

Example: The view from the mountain peak was sublime.

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12 Incentive (noun)

Something that motivates or encourages someone to do something. (प्रोतसन/ परेणना देना)

Synonyms: Motivation, Encouragement, Inducement, Stimulus

Antonyms: Deterrent, Disincentive, Discouragement, Hindrance

Example: The company offered a bonus as an incentive to increase sales.

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13 Dissipate (verb)

Disappear or cause to disappear; scatter and fade away (like smoke, fog, energy, or money). (बिखरा कर मिटा देना/ उड़ जाना)

Synonyms: Disperse, Scatter, Vanish, Evaporate

Antonyms: Collect, Gather, Accumulate, Concentrate

Example: The morning mist began to dissipate as the sun rose.

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14 Wanton (adjective)

Deliberate and unprovoked; showing no restraint, often in a cruel or reckless way. (निर्दयी/ बेलगाम)

Synonyms: Reckless, Unrestrained, Senseless, Merciless

Antonyms: Restrained, Controlled, Disciplined, Considerate

Example: The village suffered wanton destruction during the riot.

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15 Presage (verb)

Be a sign or warning of (something, typically something bad) in the future; foretell. (आने वाली घटना पर संकेत देना)

Synonyms: Foretell, Predict, Portend, Foreshadow

Antonyms: Ignore, Mislead, Conceal, Disprove

Example: Dark clouds may presage a storm.

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16 Notably (adverb)

In a way that is worthy of attention; especially. (विशेष रूप से / खास तौर पर)

Synonyms: Especially, Remarkably, Particularly, Significantly

Antonyms: Unremarkably, Insignificantly, Ordinarily, Commonly

Example: She performed well, notably in mathematics.

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17 Whereas (conjunction)

While; in contrast to the fact that. (जबकि/ इसके विपरीत)

Synonyms: While, Although, Though, In contrast

Antonyms: Similarly, Likewise, In the same way, Equally

Example: He likes tea, whereas she prefers coffee.

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18 Consequently (adverb)

As a result; therefore. (परिणाम स्वरूप/ इसलिए)

Synonyms: Therefore, Hence, Accordingly, As a result

Antonyms: Regardless, Nevertheless, However, Nonetheless

Example: He missed the deadline; consequently, the project was delayed.

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19 Nevertheless (adverb)

In spite of that; however; even so. (फिर भी)

Synonyms: However, Nonetheless, Even so, Still

Antonyms: Therefore, Consequently, Hence, Accordingly

Example: The task was difficult; nevertheless, she completed it on time.

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20 Invariably (adverb)

Always; in every case or on every occasion, without exception. (हमेशा/ हर हाल में)

Synonyms: Always, Consistently, Unfailingly, Without exception

Antonyms: Occasionally, Sometimes, Rarely, Sporadically

Example: He invariably arrived early to every meeting.

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1 Coruscate (verb)

Shine brightly with flashing or sparkling light; also, to be lively and brilliant. (चमकना/झिलमिलाना)

Synonyms: Sparkle, Glitter, Flash, Shimmer

Antonyms: Dull, Dim, Fade, Darken

Example: The chandelier seemed to coruscate as the lights hit the crystals.

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2 Perpetrate (verb)

Commit or carry out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act, especially a crime. (अपराध करना)

Synonyms: Commit, Carry out, Execute, Perform

Antonyms: Prevent, Stop, Deter, Refrain

Example: The investigation aimed to identify who had perpetrated the fraud.

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3 Cognate (adjective)

Related in origin; coming from the same root or source, especially in language. (सजातीय/सम्बंधित)

Synonyms: Related, Kindred, Allied, Corresponding

Antonyms: Unrelated, Different, Distinct, Unconnected

Example: The English word “night” and the German word “Nacht” are cognate terms.

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4 Parley (noun)

A discussion between opposing sides, especially to negotiate peace or a truce. (वार्ता)

Synonyms: Negotiation, Conference, Dialogue, Truce-talks

Antonyms: Conflict, Hostility, Fight, War

Example: The two rival groups agreed to a parley to avoid further violence.

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5 Revelry (noun)

Lively and noisy celebrations, often involving drinking and dancing. (हर्षोल्लास)

Synonyms: Festivity, Merrymaking, Jollification, Celebration

Antonyms: Mourning, Sobriety, Gloom, Austerity

Example: The streets were filled with revelry after the team won the final.

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6 Compunction (noun)

A feeling of guilt or moral unease about something you have done or plan to do. (पश्चाताप)

Synonyms: Remorse, Guilt, Regret, Contrition

Antonyms: Indifference, Callousness, Shamelessness, Remorselessness

Example: She felt deep compunction after lying to her best friend.

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7 Preponderance (noun)

The state of being greater in number, amount, or importance; predominance. (बहुलता)

Synonyms: Predominance, Majority, Superiority, Prevalence

Antonyms: Minority, Scarcity, Insignificance, Deficiency

Example: There was a preponderance of evidence supporting the accused’s innocence.

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8 Incontrovertible (adjective)

Not able to be denied or disputed; unquestionably true. (अखंडनीय)

Synonyms: Undeniable, Indisputable, Irrefutable, Unassailable

Antonyms: Disputable, Questionable, Doubtful, Debatable

Example: The video provided incontrovertible evidence of what happened.

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9 Reciprocal (adjective)

Given, felt, or done in return; mutual. (परस्पर)

Synonyms: Mutual, Shared, Two-way, Corresponding

Antonyms: One-sided, Unreturned, Unilateral, Selfish

Example: They had a reciprocal agreement to help each other during exams.

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10 Attenuate (verb)

Reduce the force, effect, or value of something; make it weaker. (कमजोर करना)

Synonyms: Weaken, Lessen, Diminish, Mitigate

Antonyms: Strengthen, Intensify, Amplify, Reinforce

Example: The thick curtains helped attenuate the outside noise during the meeting.

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11 Bifurcate (verb)

Divide into two parts or branches. (दो भागों में विभाजित करना)

Synonyms: Split, Divide, Branch, Separate

Antonyms:

Example: The road bifurcates after the bridge, leading to two different towns.

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12 Purview (noun)

The range or scope of authority, responsibility, or concern. (अधिकार-क्षेत्र)

Synonyms: Scope, Domain, Jurisdiction, Range

Antonyms: Irrelevance, Exclusion, Unconcern, Inapplicability

Example: Tax policy falls within the purview of the finance ministry.

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13 Cabal (noun)

A small secret group plotting to achieve political or other power. (गुप्त गुट)

Synonyms: Clique, Conspiracy, Faction, Junta

Antonyms: Majority, Public assembly, Open group, Transparency

Example: A cabal within the organization tried to remove the leader quietly.

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14 Minutiae (noun)

Small, precise details; trivial points. (सूक्ष्म विवरण)

Synonyms: Details, Trifles, Particulars, Niceties

Antonyms: Overview, Generalization, Summary, Big picture

Example: The lawyer focused on the minutiae of the contract to find loopholes.

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15 Subaltern (adjective)

Lower in rank or position; of inferior status. (अधीनस्थ)

Synonyms: Subordinate, Inferior, Lower-ranking, Junior

Antonyms: Superior, Dominant, Senior, Principal

Example: The subaltern officers followed the commander’s orders without question.

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16 Zeitgeist (noun)

The defining spirit, mood, or ideas of a particular time period. (युग की भावना)

Synonyms: Spirit of the age, Mood, Cultural climate, Trend

Antonyms: Anachronism, Outdatedness, Old-fashionedness, Stagnation

Example: Social media has strongly shaped the zeitgeist of the 21st century.

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17 Verbatim (adverb)

In exactly the same words as were originally used. (शब्दशः)

Synonyms: Word for word, Exactly, Literally, Precisely

Antonyms: Paraphrased, Reworded, Summarized, Adapted

Example: The witness repeated the statement verbatim during the trial.

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18 Plebiscite (noun)

A direct vote by the people of a country or region on an important public issue. (जनमत संग्रह)

Synonyms: Referendum, Popular vote, Public ballot, Direct vote

Antonyms: Appointment, Dictate, Imposition, Decree

Example: The government held a plebiscite to decide whether the region should gain autonomy.

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19 Perquisite (noun)

A benefit or privilege received as part of a job or position, in addition to regular pay. (अतिरिक्त लाभ)

Synonyms: Benefit, Privilege, Perk, Fringe benefit

Antonyms: Penalty, Disadvantage, Loss, Deprivation

Example: Free accommodation and a company car were valuable perquisites of the executive role.

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20 Circadian (adjective)

Relating to the body’s natural 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. (दैनिक जैविक चक्र)

Synonyms: Daily, Diurnal, 24-hour, Biological

Antonyms: Irregular, Random, Aperiodic, Noncyclic

Example: Bright screens at night can disrupt your circadian rhythm and make it harder to sleep.

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1 Zealotry (noun)

Extreme and fanatical enthusiasm for a cause, belief, or ideology. (कट्टर उत्साह)

Synonyms: Fanaticism, Extremism, Fervor, Crusading spirit

Antonyms: Indifference, Moderation, Apathy, Tolerance

Example: His political zealotry made him unwilling to listen to any opposing view.

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2 Itinerant (adjective)

Traveling from place to place, especially for work; not staying in one location. (घुमंतू)

Synonyms: Wandering, Roaming, Nomadic, Peripatetic

Antonyms: Settled, Stationary, Fixed, Resident

Example: The itinerant musician performed in a different city every week.

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3 Impunity (noun)

Freedom from punishment or legal consequences for wrongdoing. (दंड से छूट)

Synonyms: Exemption, Immunity, Unpunishedness, Freedom

Antonyms: Punishment, Penalty, Accountability, Retribution

Example: The corrupt officials acted with impunity because no one dared to challenge them.

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4 Discomfit (verb)

Make someone feel embarrassed, uneasy, or confused; to frustrate or upset someone’s plans. (असहज/शर्मिंदा करना)

Synonyms: Embarrass, Unnerve, Confound, Rattle

Antonyms: Comfort, Assure, Encourage, Soothe

Example: The unexpected question discomfited him during the interview.

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5 Denouement (noun)

The final outcome or resolution of a story, where everything gets explained and settled. (समापन / निष्कर्ष)

Synonyms: Resolution, Conclusion, Outcome, Finale

Antonyms: Beginning, Introduction, Opening, Start

Example: The denouement revealed the killer and tied up all the loose ends.

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6 Charlatan (noun)

A person who falsely claims to have special knowledge or skills; a fraud. (ढोंगी / ठग)

Synonyms: Impostor, Fraud, Quack, Pretender

Antonyms: Expert, Professional, Genuine person, Authority

Example: The so-called healer was exposed as a charlatan who cheated patients for money.

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7 Calamitous (adjective)

Causing great damage, loss, or disaster; disastrous. (विनाशकारी)

Synonyms: Disastrous, Catastrophic, Devastating, Ruinous

Antonyms: Beneficial, Fortunate, Favorable, Harmless

Example: The calamitous flood destroyed homes and displaced thousands.

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8 Avaricious (adjective)

Having an extreme desire for wealth or material gain; very greedy. (लालची)

Synonyms: Greedy, Covetous, Miserly, Rapacious

Antonyms: Generous, Charitable, Selfless, Content

Example: The avaricious businessman cared more about profit than people.

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9 Antithetical (adjective)

Directly opposed in nature, ideas, or meaning; completely contrasting. (विपरीत)

Synonyms: Opposite, Contrasting, Contrary, Diametrically opposed

Antonyms: Similar, Compatible, Harmonious, Corresponding

Example: His calm attitude was antithetical to her explosive temper.

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10 Admonitory (adjective)

Giving a warning or gentle advice about what should not be done. (चेतावनी देने वाला)

Synonyms: Cautionary, Warning, Reproving, Remonstrative

Antonyms: Approving, Encouraging, Complimentary, Praising

Example: The teacher’s admonitory tone made the class realize the seriousness of the rule.

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11 Peculiar (adjective)

Strange or unusual; different from what is normal. (अजीब/विचित्र)

Synonyms: Unusual, Odd, Strange, Bizarre

Antonyms: Normal, Ordinary, Common, Typical

Example: There was a peculiar smell coming from the old room.

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12 Subterfuge (noun)

Deceit used to achieve one’s goal; a trick or hidden plan. (कपट/छल)

Synonyms: Deception, Trickery, Ruse, Stratagem

Antonyms: Honesty, Openness, Frankness, Sincerity

Example: He used subterfuge to get past the security guard.

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13 Dissonance (noun)

Lack of harmony or agreement; a harsh mixture of sounds. (असंगति/बेसुरी ध्वनि)

Synonyms: Discord, Disharmony, Conflict, Incongruity

Antonyms: Harmony, Concord, Agreement, Consistency

Example: There was dissonance between his words and his actions.

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14 Reverie (noun)

A state of being pleasantly lost in one’s thoughts; daydream. (स्वप्निल ध्यान/खयालों में खो जाना)

Synonyms: Daydream, Fantasy, Trance, Dreaminess

Antonyms: Alertness, Awareness, Reality, Concentration

Example: He sat by the window in a quiet reverie, imagining his future.

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15 Insubordinate (adjective)

Not obeying authority; disobedient to rules or orders. (अवज्ञाकारी)

Synonyms: Defiant, Disobedient, Rebellious, Unruly

Antonyms: Obedient, Compliant, Submissive, Dutiful

Example: The insubordinate employee refused to follow the manager’s instructions.

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16 Lackadaisical (adjective)

Lacking enthusiasm and determination; carelessly lazy. (उदासीन/सुस्त)

Synonyms: Lazy, Sluggish, Indifferent, Lethargic

Antonyms: Energetic, Enthusiastic, Diligent, Active

Example: His lackadaisical approach to studies led to poor results

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17 Gargantuan (adjective)

Enormous; very large in size, amount, or extent. (विशालकाय)

Synonyms: Huge, Massive, Colossal, Immense

Antonyms: Tiny, Minute, Small, Petite

Example: They built a gargantuan stadium that could hold thousands of people.

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18 Quintessential (adjective)

Representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class. (सर्वोत्कृष्ट/आदर्श उदाहरण)

Synonyms: Typical, Classic, Archetypal, Ideal

Antonyms: Atypical, Uncharacteristic, Unrepresentative, Abnormal

Example: The Taj Mahal is the quintessential symbol of love.

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19 Parochial (adjective)

Having a limited or narrow outlook; concerned only with local matters. (संकीर्ण दृष्टिकोण वाला)

Synonyms: Narrow-minded, Insular, Provincial, Small-minded

Antonyms: Broad-minded, Cosmopolitan, Open-minded, Universal

Example: His parochial attitude made it hard for him to accept new ideas from outside his town.

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20 Ambidextrous (adjective)

Able to use both hands equally well. (द्विहस्तकुशल)

Synonyms: Two-handed, Bimanual, Versatile, Multi-skilled

Antonyms: One-handed, Right-handed, Left-handed, Clumsy

Example: The ambidextrous player could bat and throw with either hand.

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1 Perceive (verb)

Become aware of something through the senses; understand or interpret something in a particular way. (समझना / महसूस करना)

Synonyms: Notice, Observe, Discern, Comprehend

Antonyms: Misunderstand, Ignore, Overlook, Miss

Example: I perceived a change in his tone during the conversation.

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2 Recant (verb)

Publicly withdraw or take back a statement, belief, or opinion. (मुकर जाना)

Synonyms: Retract, Renounce, Withdraw, Repudiate

Antonyms: Maintain, Uphold, Affirm, Stand by

Example: Under pressure, the witness recanted his earlier testimony.

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3 Detain (verb)

Keep someone from leaving; hold back or delay. (रोकना)

Synonyms: Hold, Restrain, Delay

Antonyms: Release, Free, Let go, Liberate

Example: The police detained the suspect for further questioning.

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4 Deprecate (verb)

Express disapproval of; criticize (something); or consider something as less important/valuable. (निंदा करना)

Synonyms: Disapprove, Condemn, Criticize, Denounce

Antonyms: Approve, Praise, Endorse, Commend

Example: The manager deprecated the use of shortcuts that could reduce quality.

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5 Propagate (verb)

Spread and promote (an idea, belief, or information); also to reproduce plants by natural or artificial means. (फैलाना)

Synonyms: Spread, Disseminate, Circulate, Promote

Antonyms: Suppress, Conceal, Hide, Contain

Example: Social media can quickly propagate rumors if facts are not verified.

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6 Surmount (verb)

Overcome a difficulty or obstacle; to rise above something. (काबू पाना)

Synonyms: Overcome, Conquer, Vanquish, Prevail over

Antonyms: Surrender, Succumb, Yield, Fail

Example: She surmounted many challenges to complete her education.

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7 Procure (verb)

Obtain something, especially with effort or difficulty. (प्राप्त करना)

Synonyms: Obtain, Acquire, Secure, Get

Antonyms: Lose, Forfeit, Surrender, Relinquish

Example: The team managed to procure the required documents before the deadline.

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8 Abstinence (noun)

The practice of deliberately avoiding something, especially alcohol, food, or certain pleasures. (परहेज)

Synonyms: Self-restraint, Temperance, Refraining, Renunciation

Antonyms: Indulgence, Excess, Overindulgence, Dissipation

Example: His doctor advised abstinence from sugary foods for a few months.

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9 Encroach (verb)

Gradually intrude on (someone else’s territory, rights, or time). (अतिक्रमण करना)

Synonyms: Intrude, Infringe, Usurp, Invade

Antonyms: Respect, Retreat, Withdraw, Vacate

Example: The construction began to encroach on the nearby farmland.

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10 Predominant (adjective)

Most noticeable, common, or important; having greater power or influence than others. (प्रमुख)

Synonyms: main, chief, dominant, leading, principal

Antonyms: Minor, Secondary, Subordinate, Insignificant

Example: Hindi was the predominant language spoken in the market.

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1 Unforgivingly (adverb)

In a harsh or strict way; without mercy, leniency, or forgiveness. (निर्दयता से / कठोरता से / बिना माफी के)

Synonyms: Harshly, Severely, Ruthlessly, Relentlessly

Antonyms: Leniently, Gently, Mercifully, Forgivingly

Example: The judge spoke unforgivingly about the repeated violations of the law.

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2 Imperturbable (adjective)

Not easily upset or disturbed; staying calm even in stressful situations. (अविचल / शांतचित्त)

Synonyms: Unflappable, Composed, Unshakeable, Stoic

Antonyms: Agitated, Anxious, Flustered, Disturbed

Example: Even during the crisis, the captain remained imperturbable and gave clear orders.

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3 Promissory (adjective)

Containing or implying a promise to pay or do something, especially in finance. (वचन-पत्र संबंधी / भुगतान का वादा करने वाला)

Synonyms: Assuring, Pledging, Obligatory, Committed

Antonyms: Nonbinding, Unpromising, Uncertain, Doubtful

Example: He signed a promissory note agreeing to repay the loan within six months.

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4 Amortize (verb)

Pay off a debt gradually over time through regular payments; spread the cost of an asset over a period. (किस्तों में चुकाना / लागत को अवधि में बाँटना)

Synonyms: Repay, Liquidate, Settle, Spread

Antonyms: Accumulate, Borrow, Increase, Inflate

Example: The firm decided to amortize the equipment cost over five years.

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5 Indemnify (verb)

Compensate someone for loss or damage; protect someone against legal responsibility. (क्षतिपूर्ति करना / क्षतिपूर्ति की गारंटी देना)

Synonyms: Compensate, Reimburse, Repay, Insure

Antonyms: Penalize, Charge, Withhold, Harm

Example: The company agreed to indemnify the customer for any financial loss caused by the defect.

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6 Reverent (adjective)

Showing deep respect; feeling or expressing devotion and honor. (श्रद्धापूर्ण / आदरपूर्ण)

Synonyms: Respectful, Devout, Venerating, Worshipful

Antonyms: Irreverent, Disrespectful, Flippant, Contemptuous

Example: The audience remained reverent during the memorial ceremony.

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7 Inextricable (adjective)

Impossible to separate, disentangle, or escape from. (अविभाज्य / उलझा हुआ जिसे अलग न किया जा सके)

Synonyms: Inseparable, Entangled, Interwoven, Indissoluble

Antonyms: Separable, Detachable, Unconnected, Distinct

Example: Culture and language are inextricable parts of a community’s identity.

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8 Insoluble (adjective)

Impossible to solve or explain; not able to be dissolved in a liquid. (असमाधेय / अघुलनशील)

Synonyms: Unsolvable, Intractable, Unresolvable, Indissoluble

Antonyms: Solvable, Resolvable, Manageable, Soluble

Example: The committee faced an insoluble problem because no option satisfied all sides.

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9 Reprehensible (adjective)

Deserving strong criticism or blame; morally wrong. (निंदनीय)

Synonyms: Blameworthy, Culpable, Deplorable, Shameful

Antonyms: Praiseworthy, Admirable, Commendable, Virtuous

Example: Cheating in an exam is reprehensible behavior and ruins trust.

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10 Astringent (adjective)

Sharp or harsh in taste or smell; causing the skin or tissues to tighten. (कसैला / संकोचक)

Synonyms: Harsh, Bitter, Acrid, Caustic

Antonyms: Mild, Gentle, Soothing, Smooth

Example: The astringent toner tightened her pores and reduced oiliness.

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11 Implacable (adjective)

Unable to be appeased or pacified; not forgiving. (अडिग / कठोर)

Synonyms: Unforgiving, Unappeasable, Relentless, Inexorable

Antonyms: Forgiving, Merciful, Lenient, Appeasable

Example: The implacable enemy refused every offer of peace.

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12 Nondescript (adjective)

Lacking distinctive or interesting features; ordinary and unremarkable. (साधारण)

Synonyms: Unremarkable, Ordinary, Plain, Featureless

Antonyms: Distinctive, Remarkable, Striking, Unique

Example: He lived in a nondescript building that looked like every other block.

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13 Umbrage (noun)

Offense or annoyance caused by something perceived as an insult. (नाराज़गी)

Synonyms: Offense, Resentment, Annoyance, Displeasure

Antonyms: Pleasure, Approval, Delight, Satisfaction

Example: She took umbrage at his rude remark.

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14 Interpolate (verb)

Insert (something) between fixed points; estimate an unknown value within a range using known values. (बीच में जोड़ना)

Synonyms: Insert, Interject, Introduce, Estimate

Antonyms: Remove, Delete, Extract, Omit

Example: The editor interpolated a clarifying sentence between the two paragraphs.

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15 Corollary (noun)

A direct or natural result that follows from something else. (परिणामस्वरूप निष्कर्ष)

Synonyms: Consequence, Result, Outcome, Implication

Antonyms: Cause, Origin, Source, Beginning

Example: A corollary of better education is improved employment opportunities.

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16 Incongruous (adjective)

Not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings; out of place. (बेमेल)

Synonyms: Incompatible, Inappropriate, Unsuitable, Discordant

Antonyms: Compatible, Appropriate, Suitable, Harmonious

Example: His casual jokes seemed incongruous during the serious meeting.

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17 Misconstrue (verb)

Interpret (something) wrongly; misunderstand the meaning. (गलत समझना)

Synonyms: Misinterpret, Misunderstand, Misconceive, Distort

Antonyms: Understand, Interpret, Comprehend, Grasp

Example: Don’t misconstrue my silence as agreement.

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18 Transmute (verb)

Change in form, nature, or substance; transform into something else. (रूपांतरित करना)

Synonyms: Transform, Convert, Metamorphose, Change

Antonyms: Preserve, Maintain, Keep, Stabilize

Example: The story transmuted his fear into confidence over time.

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19 Reverberate (verb)

To echo or resound; to have continuing and serious effects. (गूंजना)

Synonyms: Echo, Resound, Reecho, Reverberate

Antonyms: Silence, Muffle, Hush, Suppress

Example: The sound of the explosion reverberated through the valley.

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20 Concomitant (adjective)

Occurring or existing at the same time; accompanying something else. (सहवर्ती)

Synonyms: Accompanying, Concurrent, Associated, Coinciding

Antonyms: Separate, Unrelated, Independent, Unconnected

Example: Increased traffic is a concomitant of rapid urban growth.

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1 Intermittent (adjective)

Occurring at irregular intervals; stopping and starting repeatedly. (रुक-रुक कर होने वाला)

Synonyms: Periodic, Occasional, Sporadic, Irregular

Antonyms: Continuous, Constant, Steady, Unceasing

Example: The village faces intermittent power cuts during the summer.

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2 Counterproductive (adjective)

Having the opposite effect to the one intended; hindering progress. (उल्टा नुकसानदायक)

Synonyms: Harmful, Self-defeating, Detrimental, Backfiring

Antonyms: Helpful, Beneficial, Effective, Productive

Example: Shouting at the team was counterproductive and reduced their motivation.

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3 Prohibitive (adjective)

(Of a cost or condition) so high or restrictive that it prevents something from being done. (अत्यधिक महंगा/प्रतिबंधात्मक)

Synonyms: Excessive, Restrictive, Unaffordable, Detering

Antonyms: Affordable, Reasonable, Permissive, Accessible

Example: The prohibitive price of the course stopped many students from enrolling.

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4 Indispensable (adjective)

Absolutely necessary; essential and cannot be done without. (अनिवार्य)

Synonyms: Essential, Necessary, Vital, Crucial

Antonyms: Unnecessary, Optional, Dispensable, Nonessential

Example: Clean drinking water is indispensable for human health.

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5 Parameter (noun)

A factor or limit that defines the scope of a process, activity, or system. (मापदंड)

Synonyms: Criterion, Measure, Limit, Boundary

Antonyms: Unlimitedness, Freedom, Randomness, Unconstraint

Example: Time is an important parameter when planning the project timeline.

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6 Emergence (noun)

The process of coming into view or becoming known; the act of appearing. (उद्भव)

Synonyms: Appearance, Rise, Manifestation, Development

Antonyms: Disappearance, Vanishing, Concealment, Decline

Example: The emergence of new startups has boosted innovation in the city.

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7 Convergence (noun)

The process of coming together from different directions or becoming similar over time. (अभिसरण)

Synonyms: Coming together, Meeting point, Union, Alignment

Antonyms: Divergence, Separation, Dispersal, Disunity

Example: The convergence of technology and education has transformed how students learn.

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8 Contemporary (adjective)

Belonging to or occurring in the present time; modern. (समकालीन)

Synonyms: Modern, Current, Present-day, Up-to-date

Antonyms: Ancient, Outdated, Old-fashioned, Obsolete

Example: Contemporary art often reflects the issues and ideas of today’s society.

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9 Comprehensive (adjective)

Including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something. (व्यापक)

Synonyms: Thorough, Extensive, All-inclusive, Exhaustive

Antonyms: Incomplete, Limited, Partial, Narrow

Example: The teacher provided a comprehensive review of the entire syllabus before the exam.

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10 Proactive (adjective)

Acting in advance to deal with an expected problem or to bring about a desired result. (सक्रिय पहल करने वाला)

Synonyms: Initiative, Preventive, Anticipatory, Forward-thinking

Antonyms: Reactive, Passive, Indifferent, Negligent

Example: She took a proactive approach by addressing the issue before it became a crisis.

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11 Extenuate (verb)

Make (an offense or mistake) seem less serious by giving excuses or reasons. (गलती को हल्का दिखाना/बहाना बनाना)

Synonyms: Mitigate, Justify, Alleviate, Diminish

Antonyms: Aggravate, Worsen, Intensify, Exacerbate

Example: He tried to extenuate his absence by blaming heavy traffic.

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12 Extenuate (verb)

Make (an offense or mistake) seem less serious by giving excuses or reasons. (गलती को हल्का दिखाना/बहाना बनाना)

Synonyms: Mitigate, Justify, Alleviate, Diminish

Antonyms: Aggravate, Worsen, Intensify, Exacerbate

Example: He tried to extenuate his absence by blaming heavy traffic.

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13 Denigrate (verb)

Criticize unfairly; speak about someone or something in a way that damages their reputation. (बदनाम करना / निंदा करना)

Synonyms: Disparage, Slander, Defame, Vilify

Antonyms: Praise, Commend, Applaud, Glorify

Example: He tried to denigrate his opponent during the debate.

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14 Preempt (verb)

Take action in advance to prevent something from happening; take the place of something before it occurs. (पहले से रोक लेना / पहले ही कर लेना)

Synonyms: Prevent, Forestall, Avert, Anticipate

Antonyms: Allow, Permit, Enable, Encourage

Example: The company preempted a crisis by fixing the issue before it spread.

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15 Desiccate (verb)

Remove moisture from; make completely dry. (सुखना / निर्जल करना)

Synonyms: Dehydrate, Dry, Parched, Evaporate

Antonyms: Moisten, Hydrate, Soak, Dampen

Example: The intense heat desiccated the soil within days.

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16 Perpetuate (verb)

Cause (something) to continue indefinitely; preserve or keep alive. (जारी रखना / बनाये रखना)

Synonyms: Sustain, Prolong, Preserve, Maintain

Antonyms: End, Stop, Eradicate, Abolish

Example: Spreading rumors can perpetuate fear in the community.

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17 Enunciate (verb)

Pronounce words clearly and distinctly; state something clearly. (स्पष्ट उच्चरण करना / साफ कहना)

Synonyms: Articulate, Pronounce, Express, Declare

Antonyms: Mumble, Slur, Murmur, Mispronounce

Example: The teacher asked the student to enunciate each word properly.

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18 Adjure (verb)

Urge or request someone earnestly or solemnly to do something. (ज़ोर से विनती करना / शपथ दिलाकर कहना)

Synonyms: Entreat, Urge, Implore, Beseech

Antonyms: Deter, Discourage, Dissuade, Prevent

Example: The lawyer adjured the witness to speak the truth.

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19 Recompense (verb/noun)

Compensation or repayment for loss, harm, or effort; to compensate someone. (मुआवज़ा / बदले में देना)

Synonyms: Compensation, Restitution, Reparation, Remuneration

Antonyms: Penalty, Loss, Forfeit, Deprivation

Example: The company offered recompense to customers affected by the delay.

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20 Disentangle (verb)

Free (something or someone) from being tangled, or separate something complicated into its parts. (सुलझना / अलग करना)

Synonyms: Unravel, Untangle, Separate, Extricate

Antonyms: Entangle, Confuse, Tangle, Ensnare

Example: She tried to disentangle the earphones from her bag.

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21 Inaugurate (verb)

Formally begin or introduce (a system, policy, or period), often with a ceremony. (उद्घटन करना)

Synonyms: Launch, Initiate, Introduce, Commence

Antonyms: Close, Terminate, End, Conclude

Example: The chief minister will inaugurate the new metro line next week.

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1 Suffice (verb)

To be enough; to satisfy a need or requirement. (पर्याप्त होना)

Synonyms: Be enough, Satisfy, Serve, Do

Antonyms: Fail, Lack, Need, Require

Example: A short explanation will suffice for this question.

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2 Consecrate (verb)

To make or declare something sacred; to dedicate formally to a religious or special purpose. (पवित्र करना / समर्पित करना)

Synonyms: Sanctify, Dedicate, Hallow, Bless

Antonyms: Profane, Desecrate, Defile, Violate

Example: The priest consecrated the temple before it was opened to the public.

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3 Aforementioned (adjective)

Mentioned earlier; previously stated. (ऊपर उल्लिखित/ पहले कहा गया)

Synonyms: Previously mentioned, Earlier stated, Foregoing, Said

Antonyms: Unmentioned, New, Subsequent, Later

Example: Please refer to the aforementioned points before submitting your answer.

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4 Insofar (adverb)

To the extent that; as far as. (जितना तक/ उस हद तक)

Synonyms: To the extent, As far as, Inasmuch, So far

Antonyms: Completely, Entirely, Fully, Absolutely

Example: Insofar as I know, the meeting has been postponed to next week.

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5 Perplexing (adjective)

Confusing or difficult to understand; puzzling. (उलझन भरा/ गुमराह करने वाला)

Synonyms: Confusing, Puzzling, Baffling, Bewildering

Antonyms: Clear, Obvious, Straightforward, Plain

Example: The instructions were so perplexing that even the teacher reread them twice.

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6 Preponderant (adjective)

Having greater power, influence, or importance than others; predominant. (प्रभावशाली/ प्रमुख)

Synonyms: Predominant, Prevailing, Dominant, Overriding

Antonyms: Minor, Insignificant, Secondary, Subordinate

Example: Economic issues were the preponderant factor in the election debate.

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7 Opine (verb)

To express an opinion or belief about something. (राय देना)

Synonyms: Assert, State, Comment, Maintain

Antonyms: Withhold, Silence, Conceal, Suppress

Example: The expert opined that the policy would improve employment in rural areas.

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8 Bedlam (noun)

A scene of wild confusion and noise; uproar. (हल्ला-गुल्ला/ अफरा-तफरी)

Synonyms: Chaos, Uproar, Tumult, Pandemonium

Antonyms: Calm, Order, Peace, Silence

Example: When the fire alarm rang, the office turned into bedlam within seconds.

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9 Epithet (noun)

A descriptive word or phrase expressing a quality or attribute, often used as a nickname; sometimes used as an insult. (उपाधि / विशेषण)

Synonyms: Sobriquet, Nickname, Label, Moniker

Antonyms: Real name, Title, Compliment, Praise

Example: “The Iron Lady” is an epithet given to Margaret Thatcher.

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10 Allegory (noun)

A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. (रुपक कथा)

Synonyms: Symbolism, Parable, Metaphor, Fable

Antonyms: Literalness, Reality, Fact, Directness

Example: The novel is an allegory of freedom, using a journey to represent a nation’s struggle.

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11 Unprecedented (adjective)

Never done or known before; completely new in experience. (अपूर्व)

Synonyms: Unmatched, Novel, Unparalleled, Extraordinary

Antonyms: Common, Usual, Ordinary, Familiar

Example: The city faced unprecedented rainfall this season.

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12 Safeguard (verb)

Protect something from harm, damage, or loss. (सुरक्षित रखना)

Synonyms: Protect, Secure, Shield, Preserve

Antonyms: Endanger, Expose, Risk, Jeopardize

Example: Strong passwords help safeguard your personal data online.

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13 Entitlement (noun)

The fact of having a right to something; the belief that you deserve special treatment. (अधिकार/हक)

Synonyms: Right, Claim, Privilege, Due

Antonyms: Disqualification, Ineligibility, Forfeiture, Denial

Example: He acted with a sense of entitlement, expecting everyone to serve him.

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14 Metaphor (noun)

A figure of speech that describes something by saying it is something else (not literally), to create a strong comparison. (रूपक)

Synonyms: Analogy, Comparison, Symbol, Image

Antonyms: Literalness, Fact, Reality, Directness

Example: “Time is a thief” is a metaphor that suggests time steals moments from us.

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15 Compromise (verb)

Settle a dispute by making mutual concessions; weaken or put at risk (a principle, security, or integrity). (समझौता करना)

Synonyms: Settle, Negotiate, Concede, Reconcile

Antonyms: Persist, Refuse, Resist, Defend

Example: They compromised to reach an agreement acceptable to both sides.

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16 Sanitize (verb)

Make something clean and free from germs; remove harmful or sensitive details from information. (स्वच्छ/कीटाणुरहित करना)

Synonyms: Disinfect, Cleanse, Sterilize, Purify

Antonyms: Contaminate, Infect, Pollute, Soil

Example: The staff sanitized the equipment after every use.

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17 Formulate (verb)

Create or devise methodically (a plan, idea, or strategy). (सूत्रबद्ध करना)

Synonyms: Devise, Construct, Frame, Draft

Antonyms: Abandon, Neglect, Ignore, Disorganize

Example: The team formulated a clear strategy to improve results.

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18 Feign (verb)

Pretend to be affected by (a feeling, state, or injury). (बहाना करना)

Synonyms: Pretend, Simulate, Falsify, Dissemble

Antonyms: Reveal, Confess, Admit, Disclose

Example: He feigned illness to avoid attending the meeting.

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19 Reprimand (verb)

Scold or rebuke someone sharply for a fault or wrongdoing. (फटकारना)

Synonyms: Rebuke, Scold, Admonish, Chide

Antonyms: Praise, Commend, Applaud, Compliment

Example: The manager reprimanded him for repeatedly arriving late.

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20 Expunge (verb)

Erase or remove completely (especially a mistake, record, or memory). (मिटा देना)

Synonyms: Erase, Delete, Remove, Obliterate

Antonyms: Preserve, Retain, Keep, Maintain

Example: The court ordered the record to be expunged from the file.

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1 Penultimate (adjective)

Second to last in a series. (दूसरा अंतिम)

Synonyms: Second-to-last, Next-to-last, Second-last, Pre-final

Antonyms: Last, Ultimate, Final, Terminal

Example: The penultimate chapter sets up the surprise ending perfectly.

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2 Inordinate (adjective)

Excessive; much more than what is reasonable or normal. (अत्यधिक)

Synonyms: Excessive, Immoderate, Unreasonable, Exorbitant

Antonyms: Moderate, Reasonable, Limited, Appropriate

Example: He spent an inordinate amount of time perfecting a small detail.

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3 Dispassionate (adjective)

Not influenced by strong emotion; impartial and calm. (निष्पक्ष/भावनारहित)

Synonyms: Impartial, Unbiased, Objective, Detached

Antonyms: Emotional, Biased, Passionate, Partial

Example: The judge gave a dispassionate analysis of the evidence before delivering the verdict.

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4 Punctilious (adjective)

Showing great attention to detail or correct behavior; very precise and formal. (अति सतर्क/नियमों का बहुत पालन करने वाला)

Synonyms: Meticulous, Exacting, Conscientious, Precise

Antonyms: Careless, Negligent, Sloppy, Casual

Example: He was punctilious about following every rule during the examination.

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5 Abeyance (noun)

A state of temporary suspension or inactivity. (स्थगन)

Synonyms: Suspension, Pause, Lapse, Dormancy

Antonyms: Continuation, Activity, Operation, Enforcement

Example: The project was held in abeyance until the funding was approved.

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6 Subsequent (adjective)

Coming after something in time; following. (बाद का)

Synonyms: Following, Later, Succeeding, Ensuring

Antonyms: Previous, Prior, Preceding, Earlier

Example: The first test failed, but subsequent attempts were successful.

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7 Circumstantial (adjective)

Related to specific circumstances rather than direct proof; giving too many details. (परिस्थितिजन्य)

Synonyms: Indirect, Incidental, Detailed, Verbose

Antonyms: Direct, Concise, Brief, Straightforward

Example: The lawyer relied on circumstantial evidence and a very circumstantial explanation of events.

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8 Bureaucracy (noun)

A system of government or management run by departments and officials, often with complex rules and procedures. (नौकरशाही)

Synonyms: Administration, Officialdom, Red tape, Civil service

Antonyms: Simplicity, Efficiency, Flexibility, Informality

Example: The small business struggled because of the heavy bureaucracy and slow approvals.

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9 Assimilate (verb)

Take in and fully understand or absorb (information, ideas, or culture); become similar or integrated. (आत्मसात करना)

Synonyms: Absorb, Integrate, Incorporate, Acclimate

Antonyms: Reject, Resist, Exclude, Separate

Example: It took her a few weeks to assimilate the new rules and fit into the team’s culture.

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10 Antagonize (verb)

Make someone angry or hostile. (विरोधी बनाना)

Synonyms: Provoke, Irritate, Incite, Alienate

Antonyms: Placate, Appease, Conciliate, Soothe

Example: His rude remarks continued to antagonize his teammates during the match.

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11 Ransack (verb)

Search a place thoroughly and roughly, often causing disorder or damage. (उलट-पुलट कर तलाशी लेना)

Synonyms: Plunder, Pillage, Loot, Rifle

Antonyms: Organize, Restore, Arrange, Tidy

Example: The thieves ransacked the house looking for cash and jewelry.

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12 Enthrall (verb)

Capture the complete attention of; fascinate. (मोहित करना)

Synonyms: Captivate, Fascinate, Mesmerize, Absorb

Antonyms: Bore, Repel, Disinterest, Distract

Example: The storyteller’s voice seemed to enthrall everyone in the room.

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13 Elapse (verb)

(Of time) pass or go by. (बीता जाना)

Synonyms: Pass, Go by, Slip by, Transpire

Antonyms: Stop, Halt, Remain, Stay

Example: Two hours elapsed before the train finally arrived.

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14 Disgruntled (adjective)

Annoyed or dissatisfied, especially because expectations were not met. (असंतुष्ट)

Synonyms: Dissatisfied, Discontented, Irritated, Aggrieved

Antonyms: Satisfied, Content, Pleased, Delighted

Example: The disgruntled employees complained about the new work schedule.

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15 Languish (verb)

Become weak or depressed; fail to make progress. (कमजोर पड़ना)

Synonyms: Weaken, Decline, Deteriorate, Wilt

Antonyms: Thrive, Flourish, Strengthen, Improve

Example: Without proper care, the plants began to languish in the heat.

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16 Forfeit (verb)

Lose or give up something as a penalty for wrongdoing or failure to meet a condition. (जब्त करना)

Synonyms: Surrender, Relinquish, Lose, Sacrifice

Antonyms: Keep, Retain, Gain, Win

Example: If you miss the deadline, you may forfeit your chance to apply.

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17 Impasse (noun)

A situation in which no progress is possible, especially due to disagreement. (गतिरोध)

Synonyms: Deadlock, Stalemate, Standstill, Gridlock

Antonyms: Agreement, Progress, Breakthrough, Resolution

Example: The negotiations reached an impasse when neither side agreed to compromise.

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18 Wheedle (verb)

Use flattery or gentle persuasion to get something from someone. (चापलूसी करके मनवाना)

Synonyms: Coax, Cajole, Entice, Charm

Antonyms: Demand, Refuse, Resist, Deny

Example: He tried to wheedle his way into getting an extra day off.

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19 Insinuate (verb)

: Suggest or hint something in an indirect and unpleasant way. (इशारों में कहना)

Synonyms: Imply, Hint, Suggest, Allude

Antonyms: State, Declare, Assert, Proclaim

Example: He tried to insinuate that she was responsible for the mistake without saying it directly.

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20 Incognito (adjective)

Having one’s true identity concealed; in disguise. (गुप्त रूप से)

Synonyms: Anonymous, Disguised, Unidentified, Unrecognized

Antonyms: Known, Identified, Recognized, Famous

Example: He traveled incognito to observe the situation without attracting attention.

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