This is the Vocab24 daily quiz of 12 May 2026, the same 26 questions the app served that day, on the day's vocabulary and editorial. One mark for a right answer, minus 0.25 for a wrong one; the explanation opens as soon as you tap.
Out of the given alternatives select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of given word.
Superstitious
Explanation: The word superstitious means believing in magic, luck, signs, omens, or supernatural forces without scientific reason. Among the given options, credulous is the closest because it means being too ready to believe things without enough proof. Rational, logical, and scientific are opposite in nature because they are based on reason and evidence.
Out of the given alternatives select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of given word.
Miraculous
Explanation: The word miraculous means something extraordinary, wonderful, or appearing to happen through supernatural or unbelievable power. Marvelous is the closest synonym because it also means wonderful or astonishing. Ordinary, natural, and common do not express the special or extraordinary sense of miraculous.
Out of the given alternatives select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of given word.
Equivalent
Explanation: Equivalent means equal or nearly equal in value, meaning, importance, effect, or function. Comparable is the best answer because it means something that can be compared due to similarity or equality in some respect. Different, dissimilar, and opposite express contrast, so they are not correct.
Out of the given alternatives select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of given word.
Applicable
Explanation: Applicable means relevant or suitable for a particular situation. Pertinent is the correct answer because it means relevant or directly related to the matter being discussed. Unsuitable, inappropriate, and inapplicable are opposite in meaning and therefore cannot be correct.
Out of the given alternatives select the word opposite in meaning to the given word.
Profitable
Explanation: Profitable means beneficial, gainful, or producing profit. The opposite should express lack of benefit or gain. Among the given options, useless is the best antonym because it means not useful or not beneficial. Lucrative, gainful, and beneficial are synonyms of profitable.
Out of the given alternatives select the word opposite in meaning to the given word.
Synonymous
Explanation: Synonymous means having the same or nearly the same meaning. Its opposite is different, because different means not the same. Similar, equivalent, and corresponding are close to synonymous in meaning, so they cannot be the opposite.
Out of the given alternatives select the word opposite in meaning to the given word.
Conservative
Explanation: Conservative means traditional, conventional, or resistant to change. Its opposite is progressive, which means favouring reform, change, and new ideas. Traditional, conventional, and orthodox are close in meaning to conservative, so they are not correct.
Out of the given alternatives select the word opposite in meaning to the given word.
Exhibition
Explanation: Exhibition means a public display or presentation of things. Its opposite is secrecy, because secrecy means keeping something hidden or not publicly shown. Display, presentation, and exposition are synonyms or near-synonyms of exhibition.
Out of given alternatives, choose the word which can be substituted for the given words/ sentence.
Believing in magic, luck, signs, or supernatural forces without scientific reason.
Explanation: The given sentence defines superstitious. A superstitious person believes in luck, omens, magic, signs, or supernatural forces without scientific reasoning. Miraculous means wonderful or extraordinary, equivalent means equal, and applicable means relevant, so they do not fit the definition.
Out of given alternatives, choose the word which can be substituted for the given words/ sentence.
Equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, or effect.
Explanation: The given sentence defines equivalent. Equivalent refers to something that is equal or nearly equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, or effect. Miraculous, applicable, and profitable do not express the idea of equality.
Out of given alternatives, choose the word which can be substituted for the given words/ sentence.
A system of government in which people choose their leaders by voting.
Explanation: The given sentence defines democracy. Democracy is a system of government in which people participate directly or indirectly by choosing their representatives through voting. Synonymous, conservative, and exhibition do not refer to any system of government.
Out of given alternatives, choose the word which can be substituted for the given words/ sentence.
The quality of being graceful, stylish, and attractive in appearance, manner, or design.
Explanation: The given sentence defines elegance. Elegance means grace, beauty, style, and attractiveness in appearance, behaviour, or design. Synonymous means similar in meaning, conservative means traditional, and exhibition means display, so they are incorrect.
A statement with one blank is given below. Choose the set of words from the given options which can be used to fill the given blank.
People like to work for organisation that takes interest in their personal and ________ growth
Explanation: The correct phrase is personal and professional growth. This is a natural and commonly used expression in workplace and organisational contexts. Social, physical, and financial growth may be possible in other contexts, but they do not fit as naturally with personal growth in this sentence.
A statement with one blank is given below. Choose the set of words from the given options which can be used to fill the given blank.
After the bridge was opened for traffic last year, work related to the installation of a viewing gallery at the top of the ____________is ongoing.
Explanation: The sentence talks about installing a viewing gallery at the top of something related to a bridge. A pylon is a tall tower-like structure, especially one used in bridges or similar constructions. Manuscript, lacuna, interlude, and loath do not fit the physical structure required in the sentence.
A statement with one blank is given below. Choose the set of words from the given options which can be used to fill the given blank.
The counter attack by India came after two Indian soldiers and a civilian were killed in ______________ Pakistani firing on Saturday evening.
Explanation: The phrase unprovoked Pakistani firing is correct because unprovoked means done without any provocation or prior cause. The blank requires an adjective before Pakistani firing. Politely and willingly are adverbs, while inactive and undeclared do not fit the meaning of firing in this context.
Out of given alternatives select the option which best expresses the meaning of given idiom/ phrase.
once in a blue moon
Explanation: The idiom once in a blue moon means something that happens very rarely or almost never. Therefore, very rarely is the correct meaning. Common, predictable, and ordinary are opposite in sense because they suggest something frequent or usual.
Out of given alternatives select the option which best expresses the meaning of given idiom/ phrase.
Evening of life
Explanation: The phrase evening of life means the later stage of life, especially old age. It compares a person’s life to a day, where evening represents the final part. A party and holiday do not convey this figurative meaning.
Out of given alternatives select the option which best expresses the meaning of given idiom/ phrase.
bark is worse than his bite
Explanation: The idiom bark is worse than his bite means that a person sounds more frightening, angry, or threatening than they actually are in action. Therefore, the threat or scolding appears worse than the real harm or action taken.
Which of phrases given below each sentence should replace the phrase printed in bold type to make the grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is, mark 'd' as the answer.
He told his friend (1)/ that he could not do that work (2)/ because it is not to his taste. (3)/ No error (4)
Explanation: The error is in part (3). The reporting verb told is in the past tense, so the tense in the dependent clause should also shift into the past. Therefore, because it is not to his taste should be changed to because it was not to his taste.
Which of phrases given below each sentence should replace the phrase printed in bold type to make the grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is, mark 'd' as the answer.
1) Despite of curfew / 2) in some areas, minor / 3) communal incidents were reported / 4) from different areas of the walled city. / 5) No error
Explanation: The error is in part (1). The phrase Despite of is incorrect. The correct usage is only Despite curfew or In spite of curfew. Therefore, the word of should be removed after Despite.
Which of phrases given below each sentence should replace the phrase printed in bold type to make the grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is, mark 'd' as the answer.
1) The poll contestants approached / the commission / 2) complaining that the hoardings / 3) violated the code of conduct / 4) and influenced public perception. / 5) No error
Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct. The poll contestants approached the commission complaining that the hoardings violated the code of conduct and influenced public perception is a proper structure. Therefore, there is No error.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words in the passage are printed in bold to help you to locate them easily while answering some of the questions. <br><br><br> The debt swap scheme is one among the various market based debt restructuring measures available to provide debt relief without hampering the Interest of the creditor. The basic notion of debt swap/conversion is relatively simple. The principle is that instead of continuing to make interest 1 payments on outstanding loans contracted in past at a very high rate, the debtor is able to find some other means of settling the debt which is satisfactory to both the debtor and creditor. The debt swap can be of various types, the most prominent being the debt equity swaps, or debt-to-debt swaps. Debt equity swaps are exchange of bonds or bank loans for ownership rights to equity. Such debt equity swaps have formed part of private corporations restructuring process for some time. The debt swap whether internal or external has an array of macroeconomic effects. It is to be noted that in any debt swap scheme, the debtor must surrender an asset in return for having a liability extinguished. For example, in case of debt equity swap, debt is exchanged by a claim on capital stock owned by the debtor. <br><br> In the case of external debt, if the government retires external debt by issuing domestic bonds, in a balanced budget there are no real effects beyond those created by the initial wealth effect 1 the economy will display a current account surplus, accompanied by an initial appreciation of parallel exchange rate and a high real interest rate. These effects are independent of the discounts received by the government. The practice of debt equity swap or debt to debt swap particularly in the context of external debt has given rise to active controversy. The debate covers wide ranging issues such as welfare characteristics of such swaps, their potential for reducing net capital flows, and the degree to which swap can reduce the negative incentive effects of debt overhang. Attention has also been paid on the effect of debt swap on the secondary market prices of debt. In the case of external debt, Mexico and Brazil suspended the debt conversion programme, because they can be inflationary as they put excessive pressure on the free market for foreign exchange or because swapping No foreign debt with domestic debt can be expensive. If the debt is swapped through money financing, it leads to an expansion of money supply. <br><br> If the government can run sustained deficits, the fiscal side provides a key link through which swaps can create macroeconomic disequilibrium. In a deficit situation, if the supply of bond is increased to swap the debt, and if the discounts obtained by the government due to interest rate differential are not large enough to cover the deficit, government will have to issue fresh bonds, which in turn may push up the interest rate. Finally, if the government continues to run a fiscal deficit and to avoid inflationary effects if it relies mostly on debt for bonds swapped and if this in turn leads to an accumulation of domestic debt, which the public expects will eventually be monetized, the domestic rate of inflation will immediately begin to rise. In the case of the debt swap scheme between central and state governments in India, states can restructure their debt by prepayment of high cost central debt with additional market borrowing at a lower rate of interest. Essentially, this should result in the reduction in the average cost of debt of the state government, However, that would largely depend on the volume of savings in the Interest cost in relation to the outstanding debt stock available for swapping. Despite the savings in interest cost due to debt swap, if a large gap is to be filled by additional borrowing, there is a possibility that swap induced additional market borrowing may put pressure on the interest rate. Also, in an extreme case, continuous financing of swappable debt through bond financing may fuel inflation if the holder of the bond expects that debt will eventually be monetized. It is evident from this discussion that aggressive debt restructuring proposed to reap the benefit of low interest rate regime a times may itself become the cause of hardening of future interest rates.
what is the suggestion me author to the State Governments?
Explanation: The passage states that in the debt swap scheme between the Central and State Governments in India, states can restructure their debt by prepaying high-cost central debt through additional market borrowing at a lower interest rate. Therefore, the closest option is that states should borrow from the market and pay the Central Government.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words in the passage are printed in bold to help you to locate them easily while answering some of the questions. <br><br><br> The debt swap scheme is one among the various market based debt restructuring measures available to provide debt relief without hampering the Interest of the creditor. The basic notion of debt swap/conversion is relatively simple. The principle is that instead of continuing to make interest 1 payments on outstanding loans contracted in past at a very high rate, the debtor is able to find some other means of settling the debt which is satisfactory to both the debtor and creditor. The debt swap can be of various types, the most prominent being the debt equity swaps, or debt-to-debt swaps. Debt equity swaps are exchange of bonds or bank loans for ownership rights to equity. Such debt equity swaps have formed part of private corporations restructuring process for some time. The debt swap whether internal or external has an array of macroeconomic effects. It is to be noted that in any debt swap scheme, the debtor must surrender an asset in return for having a liability extinguished. For example, in case of debt equity swap, debt is exchanged by a claim on capital stock owned by the debtor. <br><br> In the case of external debt, if the government retires external debt by issuing domestic bonds, in a balanced budget there are no real effects beyond those created by the initial wealth effect 1 the economy will display a current account surplus, accompanied by an initial appreciation of parallel exchange rate and a high real interest rate. These effects are independent of the discounts received by the government. The practice of debt equity swap or debt to debt swap particularly in the context of external debt has given rise to active controversy. The debate covers wide ranging issues such as welfare characteristics of such swaps, their potential for reducing net capital flows, and the degree to which swap can reduce the negative incentive effects of debt overhang. Attention has also been paid on the effect of debt swap on the secondary market prices of debt. In the case of external debt, Mexico and Brazil suspended the debt conversion programme, because they can be inflationary as they put excessive pressure on the free market for foreign exchange or because swapping No foreign debt with domestic debt can be expensive. If the debt is swapped through money financing, it leads to an expansion of money supply. <br><br> If the government can run sustained deficits, the fiscal side provides a key link through which swaps can create macroeconomic disequilibrium. In a deficit situation, if the supply of bond is increased to swap the debt, and if the discounts obtained by the government due to interest rate differential are not large enough to cover the deficit, government will have to issue fresh bonds, which in turn may push up the interest rate. Finally, if the government continues to run a fiscal deficit and to avoid inflationary effects if it relies mostly on debt for bonds swapped and if this in turn leads to an accumulation of domestic debt, which the public expects will eventually be monetized, the domestic rate of inflation will immediately begin to rise. In the case of the debt swap scheme between central and state governments in India, states can restructure their debt by prepayment of high cost central debt with additional market borrowing at a lower rate of interest. Essentially, this should result in the reduction in the average cost of debt of the state government, However, that would largely depend on the volume of savings in the Interest cost in relation to the outstanding debt stock available for swapping. Despite the savings in interest cost due to debt swap, if a large gap is to be filled by additional borrowing, there is a possibility that swap induced additional market borrowing may put pressure on the interest rate. Also, in an extreme case, continuous financing of swappable debt through bond financing may fuel inflation if the holder of the bond expects that debt will eventually be monetized. It is evident from this discussion that aggressive debt restructuring proposed to reap the benefit of low interest rate regime a times may itself become the cause of hardening of future interest rates.
What will happen if government , decides to issue fresh bonds in deficit situation ?
Explanation: The passage explains that in a deficit situation, if the government increases the supply of bonds to swap debt and the discounts are not enough to cover the deficit, the government may have to issue fresh bonds. This fresh bond issue may push up interest rates. Hence, option (b) is correct.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words in the passage are printed in bold to help you to locate them easily while answering some of the questions. <br><br><br> The debt swap scheme is one among the various market based debt restructuring measures available to provide debt relief without hampering the Interest of the creditor. The basic notion of debt swap/conversion is relatively simple. The principle is that instead of continuing to make interest 1 payments on outstanding loans contracted in past at a very high rate, the debtor is able to find some other means of settling the debt which is satisfactory to both the debtor and creditor. The debt swap can be of various types, the most prominent being the debt equity swaps, or debt-to-debt swaps. Debt equity swaps are exchange of bonds or bank loans for ownership rights to equity. Such debt equity swaps have formed part of private corporations restructuring process for some time. The debt swap whether internal or external has an array of macroeconomic effects. It is to be noted that in any debt swap scheme, the debtor must surrender an asset in return for having a liability extinguished. For example, in case of debt equity swap, debt is exchanged by a claim on capital stock owned by the debtor. <br><br> In the case of external debt, if the government retires external debt by issuing domestic bonds, in a balanced budget there are no real effects beyond those created by the initial wealth effect 1 the economy will display a current account surplus, accompanied by an initial appreciation of parallel exchange rate and a high real interest rate. These effects are independent of the discounts received by the government. The practice of debt equity swap or debt to debt swap particularly in the context of external debt has given rise to active controversy. The debate covers wide ranging issues such as welfare characteristics of such swaps, their potential for reducing net capital flows, and the degree to which swap can reduce the negative incentive effects of debt overhang. Attention has also been paid on the effect of debt swap on the secondary market prices of debt. In the case of external debt, Mexico and Brazil suspended the debt conversion programme, because they can be inflationary as they put excessive pressure on the free market for foreign exchange or because swapping No foreign debt with domestic debt can be expensive. If the debt is swapped through money financing, it leads to an expansion of money supply. <br><br> If the government can run sustained deficits, the fiscal side provides a key link through which swaps can create macroeconomic disequilibrium. In a deficit situation, if the supply of bond is increased to swap the debt, and if the discounts obtained by the government due to interest rate differential are not large enough to cover the deficit, government will have to issue fresh bonds, which in turn may push up the interest rate. Finally, if the government continues to run a fiscal deficit and to avoid inflationary effects if it relies mostly on debt for bonds swapped and if this in turn leads to an accumulation of domestic debt, which the public expects will eventually be monetized, the domestic rate of inflation will immediately begin to rise. In the case of the debt swap scheme between central and state governments in India, states can restructure their debt by prepayment of high cost central debt with additional market borrowing at a lower rate of interest. Essentially, this should result in the reduction in the average cost of debt of the state government, However, that would largely depend on the volume of savings in the Interest cost in relation to the outstanding debt stock available for swapping. Despite the savings in interest cost due to debt swap, if a large gap is to be filled by additional borrowing, there is a possibility that swap induced additional market borrowing may put pressure on the interest rate. Also, in an extreme case, continuous financing of swappable debt through bond financing may fuel inflation if the holder of the bond expects that debt will eventually be monetized. It is evident from this discussion that aggressive debt restructuring proposed to reap the benefit of low interest rate regime a times may itself become the cause of hardening of future interest rates.
Which factors may raise the inflation rate on the domestic side? <br><br> A. If accumulated internal debts start getting monetized. <br> B. If interest rates start reducing for public borrowings. <br> C. If a debt swap is done through the issue of bonds in a deficit situation.
Explanation: Statement A is correct because the passage says that if accumulated domestic debt is expected to be monetized, the domestic inflation rate may immediately rise. Statement C is also correct because continuous bond-financed debt swapping in a deficit situation may fuel inflation. Statement B is incorrect because reducing interest rates for public borrowings is not stated as a direct cause of domestic inflation in the passage.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words in the passage are printed in bold to help you to locate them easily while answering some of the questions. <br><br><br> The debt swap scheme is one among the various market based debt restructuring measures available to provide debt relief without hampering the Interest of the creditor. The basic notion of debt swap/conversion is relatively simple. The principle is that instead of continuing to make interest 1 payments on outstanding loans contracted in past at a very high rate, the debtor is able to find some other means of settling the debt which is satisfactory to both the debtor and creditor. The debt swap can be of various types, the most prominent being the debt equity swaps, or debt-to-debt swaps. Debt equity swaps are exchange of bonds or bank loans for ownership rights to equity. Such debt equity swaps have formed part of private corporations restructuring process for some time. The debt swap whether internal or external has an array of macroeconomic effects. It is to be noted that in any debt swap scheme, the debtor must surrender an asset in return for having a liability extinguished. For example, in case of debt equity swap, debt is exchanged by a claim on capital stock owned by the debtor. <br><br> In the case of external debt, if the government retires external debt by issuing domestic bonds, in a balanced budget there are no real effects beyond those created by the initial wealth effect 1 the economy will display a current account surplus, accompanied by an initial appreciation of parallel exchange rate and a high real interest rate. These effects are independent of the discounts received by the government. The practice of debt equity swap or debt to debt swap particularly in the context of external debt has given rise to active controversy. The debate covers wide ranging issues such as welfare characteristics of such swaps, their potential for reducing net capital flows, and the degree to which swap can reduce the negative incentive effects of debt overhang. Attention has also been paid on the effect of debt swap on the secondary market prices of debt. In the case of external debt, Mexico and Brazil suspended the debt conversion programme, because they can be inflationary as they put excessive pressure on the free market for foreign exchange or because swapping No foreign debt with domestic debt can be expensive. If the debt is swapped through money financing, it leads to an expansion of money supply. <br><br> If the government can run sustained deficits, the fiscal side provides a key link through which swaps can create macroeconomic disequilibrium. In a deficit situation, if the supply of bond is increased to swap the debt, and if the discounts obtained by the government due to interest rate differential are not large enough to cover the deficit, government will have to issue fresh bonds, which in turn may push up the interest rate. Finally, if the government continues to run a fiscal deficit and to avoid inflationary effects if it relies mostly on debt for bonds swapped and if this in turn leads to an accumulation of domestic debt, which the public expects will eventually be monetized, the domestic rate of inflation will immediately begin to rise. In the case of the debt swap scheme between central and state governments in India, states can restructure their debt by prepayment of high cost central debt with additional market borrowing at a lower rate of interest. Essentially, this should result in the reduction in the average cost of debt of the state government, However, that would largely depend on the volume of savings in the Interest cost in relation to the outstanding debt stock available for swapping. Despite the savings in interest cost due to debt swap, if a large gap is to be filled by additional borrowing, there is a possibility that swap induced additional market borrowing may put pressure on the interest rate. Also, in an extreme case, continuous financing of swappable debt through bond financing may fuel inflation if the holder of the bond expects that debt will eventually be monetized. It is evident from this discussion that aggressive debt restructuring proposed to reap the benefit of low interest rate regime a times may itself become the cause of hardening of future interest rates.
In order to achieve expansion of money supply the Central Government should
Explanation: The passage clearly states that if debt is swapped through money financing, it leads to an expansion of money supply. Therefore, it is not correct to say that this is not clearly mentioned in the passage. The direct answer is convert debts through money financing.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words in the passage are printed in bold to help you to locate them easily while answering some of the questions. <br><br><br> The debt swap scheme is one among the various market based debt restructuring measures available to provide debt relief without hampering the Interest of the creditor. The basic notion of debt swap/conversion is relatively simple. The principle is that instead of continuing to make interest 1 payments on outstanding loans contracted in past at a very high rate, the debtor is able to find some other means of settling the debt which is satisfactory to both the debtor and creditor. The debt swap can be of various types, the most prominent being the debt equity swaps, or debt-to-debt swaps. Debt equity swaps are exchange of bonds or bank loans for ownership rights to equity. Such debt equity swaps have formed part of private corporations restructuring process for some time. The debt swap whether internal or external has an array of macroeconomic effects. It is to be noted that in any debt swap scheme, the debtor must surrender an asset in return for having a liability extinguished. For example, in case of debt equity swap, debt is exchanged by a claim on capital stock owned by the debtor. <br><br> In the case of external debt, if the government retires external debt by issuing domestic bonds, in a balanced budget there are no real effects beyond those created by the initial wealth effect 1 the economy will display a current account surplus, accompanied by an initial appreciation of parallel exchange rate and a high real interest rate. These effects are independent of the discounts received by the government. The practice of debt equity swap or debt to debt swap particularly in the context of external debt has given rise to active controversy. The debate covers wide ranging issues such as welfare characteristics of such swaps, their potential for reducing net capital flows, and the degree to which swap can reduce the negative incentive effects of debt overhang. Attention has also been paid on the effect of debt swap on the secondary market prices of debt. In the case of external debt, Mexico and Brazil suspended the debt conversion programme, because they can be inflationary as they put excessive pressure on the free market for foreign exchange or because swapping No foreign debt with domestic debt can be expensive. If the debt is swapped through money financing, it leads to an expansion of money supply. <br><br> If the government can run sustained deficits, the fiscal side provides a key link through which swaps can create macroeconomic disequilibrium. In a deficit situation, if the supply of bond is increased to swap the debt, and if the discounts obtained by the government due to interest rate differential are not large enough to cover the deficit, government will have to issue fresh bonds, which in turn may push up the interest rate. Finally, if the government continues to run a fiscal deficit and to avoid inflationary effects if it relies mostly on debt for bonds swapped and if this in turn leads to an accumulation of domestic debt, which the public expects will eventually be monetized, the domestic rate of inflation will immediately begin to rise. In the case of the debt swap scheme between central and state governments in India, states can restructure their debt by prepayment of high cost central debt with additional market borrowing at a lower rate of interest. Essentially, this should result in the reduction in the average cost of debt of the state government, However, that would largely depend on the volume of savings in the Interest cost in relation to the outstanding debt stock available for swapping. Despite the savings in interest cost due to debt swap, if a large gap is to be filled by additional borrowing, there is a possibility that swap induced additional market borrowing may put pressure on the interest rate. Also, in an extreme case, continuous financing of swappable debt through bond financing may fuel inflation if the holder of the bond expects that debt will eventually be monetized. It is evident from this discussion that aggressive debt restructuring proposed to reap the benefit of low interest rate regime a times may itself become the cause of hardening of future interest rates.
Which of the following will be the consequences if domestic bonds are issued in a balanced budget? <br><br> A. A current account surplus will be displayed. <br> B. The real interest rate will get appreciation. <br> C. Eminent will become Independent.
Explanation: The passage says that if the government retires external debt by issuing domestic bonds in a balanced budget, the economy will display a current account surplus along with an initial appreciation of the parallel exchange rate and a high real interest rate. Therefore, A is correct, and B is acceptable if understood as a high real interest rate. C is meaningless and not supported by the passage.


