Residents of afghan capital are forced to choose between water and food

Residents of afghan capital are forced to choose between water and food

Kabul faces a looming water crisis driven by unruly, rapid urbanisation, population growth and climate change; interventions by Taliban have been hampered by financing and technical capacity; close to 80% of Kabul’s ground water is contaminated and it is tapped by over 1 lakh unregulated wells.

Every week, Bibi Jan scrapes together some of her husband’s meagre daily wage to buy precious water from rickshaw-drawn tankers that supply residents of Afghanistan’s increasingly parched capital.

Kabul faces a looming water crisis, driven by unruly and rapid urbanisation, mismanagement over years of conflict, and climate change, meaning people like Bibi Jan are sometimes forced to choose between food and water.

“When my children have only tea for a few days, they say, ‘You bought water and nothing for us’,” the 45-year-old housewife said, describing reusing her supplies for bathing, dishes and laundry.

Early warnings

Experts have long sounded the alarm over Kabul’s water problems, which are worsening even as many international players have backed off big infrastructure projects and slashed funding to Afghanistan since the Taliban regime took power in 2021.

“There could be no ground water in Kabul by 2030” without urgent action, the UN children’s agency UNICEF warned last year. Other experts are more cautious, citing limited consistent and reliable data, but say the situation is clearly deteriorating.

A 2030 cliff is a “worst-case scenario”, said water resources management expert Assem Mayar. But even if slated development projects are completed in a few years, it “does not mean the situation would become better than now”, Mr. Mayar said.

“As time goes on, the problems are only increasing,” he added, as population growth outstrips urban planning and climate change drives below-average precipitation.

The Taliban authorities have launched projects ranging from recycling water to building hundreds of small dams across the country, but larger interventions remain hampered by financing and technical capacity.

‘Decreasing day by day’

They remain unrecognised by any country since they ousted the Western-backed government and imposed their severe interpretation of Islamic law, with restrictions on women being a major sticking point.

They have repeatedly called for non-governmental groups to reboot stalled projects on water and climate change, as Afghanistan faces “some of the harshest effects” in the region, according to the United Nations.

The water and energy ministry wants to divert water from the Panjshir river to the capital, but needs $300 million to $400 million. A dam project near Kabul would ease pressures but was delayed after the Taliban takeover.

For now, Kabul’s primary drinking water source is groundwater, as much as 80% of which is contaminated, according to a May report by Mercy Corps.

It is tapped by more than 1,00,000 unregulated wells across the city that are regularly deepened or run dry, the NGO said.

Groundwater can be recharged, but more is drawn each year than is replenished in Kabul, with an estimated annual 76-million-cubic-metre (20-billion-gallon) deficit, experts say. “It’s a very serious problem... Water is decreasing day by day in the city,” said Shafiullah Zahidi, who heads central Kabul operations for the state-owned water company UWASS.

Water systems designed decades ago serve just 20% of the city’s population, which has exploded to around six million over the past 20 years, said Mr. Zahidi.

‘Use less water’

At one of Kabul’s 15 pumping stations, maintenance manager Mohammad Ehsan said the seven-year-old well is already producing less water. Two others nearby sit dry.

“The places with shallower water levels are dried out now,” said 53-year-old Ehsan, who has worked in water management for two decades, as he stood over an old well.

It once produced water from a depth of 70 m, but a newer well had to be bored more than twice as deep to reach groundwater.

Bibi Jan and many other Kabulis are forced to lug water in heavy jugs from wells or buy it from tankers.

These suppliers charge at least twice as much as the state-owned utility with potable water even more pricier in a country where 85% of the population lives on less than a dollar a day.